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    <channel>
        <title>IMC Journal of Medical Science</title>
        <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/ </link>
        <description>Ibrahim Medical College Journal of Medical Science</description>
                        <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Histomorphological patterns
and diagnostic utility of crush and imprint smear cytology in mucormycosis: a
prospective study]]></title>
                    <author>Ruquiya Afrose</author><author>Zikki Hasan Fatima</author><author>Mohd. Yasir Zubair*</author><author>Mahboob Hasan</author><author>Sayeedul Hasan Arif</author><author>Mohammad Aftab</author><author>Mehtab Ahmad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/589 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/589</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/12/589/AdminPDF/Afrose R p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/12/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Introduction: Mucormycosis is a rare but deadly fungal infection that often affects those with weakened immune systems. With the rise in predisposing factors such as diabetes, use of steroids, rise in cases of cancer, among others, cases of mucormycosis are increasingly being observed. A surge of cases was noted due to the situation arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This study analyzed various histo-morphological tissue reaction patterns associated with mucormycosis and explored the utility of crush smear and imprint smear cytology in confirming the presence of fungi. A total of 63 samples were taken. Meticulous history and clinical examination were done. History of COVID-19 infection, diabetes mellitus, hospitalization, intensive care stay, and steroid therapy was taken into account. Biopsy specimens (rhino-orbital, sino-nasal, rhino-cerebral and bone) received in normal saline were first subjected to cytopathological examination using both crush smears and imprint smears and further processed for histopathological examination. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.76 ± 13.24 years. Male preponderance was seen with male to female ratio of 1.65:1. An overwhelming majority (92.6%) of patients had a history of COVID-19 infection. Pre-existing diabetes mellitus was found in 83.3% of patients, steroid intake in 72% of patients, and medical oxygen administration in 46.3% of patients. Out of 63 clinically suspected patients, 54 (85.7%) cases were diagnosed with mucormycosis on histopathology. The most common site involved was rhino-orbital (62.9%), followed by sino-nasal (25.9%) and rhino-cerebral (7.4%). Five histo-morphological patterns were identified namely infarct-like necrosis with or without angio-invasion (50%), exudative pattern (24%), mixed pattern (11%), granulomatous (9%) and predominantly histiocytic pattern (6%). With histopathology as gold standard, crush smear cytology yielded a sensitivity of 72.2% (95% confidence interval/CI: 58.4-83.5%), specificity of 77.8% (95% CI: 40.0-97.2%), positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.1% (95% CI: 83.5-99.4%) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 31.8% (95% CI: 13.9-54.9%), with overall diagnostic accuracy of 73.0%. Imprint smear cytology showed marginally better performance with sensitivity of 75.9% (95% CI: 62.4-86.5%), specificity of 77.8% (95% CI: 40.0-97.2%), PPV of 95.3% (95% CI: 84.2-99.4%) and NPV of 31.8% (95% CI: 13.9-54.9%), with overall diagnostic accuracy of 76.2%. Conclusion: Various histo-morphological patterns encountered on histopathological examination help us keep the suspicion index high and warrant extensive examination for fungi. Histopathology remains the gold standard, providing prompt and definitive diagnosis, essential for establishing surgical and antifungal therapy, prognostication and evaluation of treatment response. Both crush smear and imprint cytology demonstrate high sensitivities (72-76%) and excellent PPVs (>95%), making them valuable rapid diagnostic tools for confirming mucormycosis when positive results are obtained. However, their low NPVs (31.8%) indicate that negative cytology results cannot reliably exclude mucormycosis, and histopathological examination remains mandatory in clinically suspected cases with negative cytological findings.January 2026; Vol. 20(1):001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.001 *Correspondence: Mohd. Yasir Zubair, Department of Community Medicine, VALASMC, Etah, UP, India. Email: yasmuhsin@gmail.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparison
of four different multi-detector computed tomography based split renal function
(SRF) evaluation methods and their correlation with nuclear scintigraphy
derived SRF for functional assessment of potential living renal donors]]></title>
                    <author>Sarfraz Ahmad</author><author>Raghunandan Prasad</author><author>Hira Lal</author><author>Sukanta Barai</author><author>Aneesh Srivastava</author><author>S Danish Iqbaal*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/595 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/01/595/AdminPDF/Ahmad S p01-13.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/01/25</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objectives: Preoperative anatomical and functional evaluation of donor kidneys is crucial for successful renal transplantation. While multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography is the standard imaging modality for anatomical assessment, nuclear scintigraphy using Technetium-99m Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetate (Tc-99m DTPA) remains the gold standard for evaluating split renal function (SRF). However, MDCT-based SRF estimation has recently emerged as a viable alternative. The aim of this study is to compare four different MDCT-based SRF measurement techniques and assess their correlation with SRF obtained from nuclear scintigraphy. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 111 living kidney donors from 2019 to 2021 who underwent MDCT angiography. SRF was estimated using four CT-based methods: total renal volume, cortical renal volume, ellipsoid method (all using semi-automated ROI-Region of Interest), and differential attenuation of contrast. All measurements were performed using an Advantage Workstation (GE). The calculated SRFs were compared with Tc-99m DTPA-based SRF using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The mean age of donors was 44.32±10.25 years (range: 22–69). All four MDCT-based methods showed statistically significant correlation with nuclear scintigraphy SRF. For the right kidney, correlation coefficients (r) were 0.574 (total renal volume), 0.509 (cortical volume), 0.288 (ellipsoid method), and 0.323 (contrast attenuation); for the left kidney, r-values were 0.513, 0.473, 0.262, and 0.251, respectively (all p<0.001). Conclusion: MDCT-based SRF measurements demonstrate a significant correlation with nuclear scintigraphy. Given that MDCT angiography is routinely performed for anatomical evaluation, it can serve as a comprehensive, single-modality approach for both anatomical and functional assessment in living kidney donors. January 2026; Vol. 20(1):002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.002 *Correspondence: S Danish Iqbaal, Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna-800014, Bihar, India. Email: iqbalsdalig@gmail.com © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Changes
in corneal endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Umama Islam*</author><author>Ferdous Akhter Jolly</author><author>Md. Ferdous Hossain</author><author>Md. Faizul Ahasan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/597 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/02/597/AdminPDF/Islam U p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/02/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The corneal endothelium is essential for maintaining corneal transparency and visual function. Chronic hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can impair endothelial pump activity, resulting in reduced endothelial cell density (ECD) and increased central corneal thickness (CCT). Because endothelial cells do not regenerate, progressive cell loss may lead to irreversible endothelial decompensation. This study evaluates the association of T2DM with ECD and CCT and examines how these parameters relate to diabetes duration, glycaemic control (HbA1c) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted at BIRDEM General Hospital, included 86 patients with T2DM and 86 individuals in the non-diabetic group. The T2DM group was subdivided by DR status (no DR, non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR). Following standard ophthalmic examinations, specular microscopy was performed to measure ECD and CCT in the right eye. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and multivariate regression (SPSS version 26). Results: Individuals with T2DM demonstrated a significant loss of endothelial cells, with mean ECD 275 cells/mm² lower than the non-diabetic group (2585·18 ± 263·12 vs 2860·06 ± 244·45 cells/mm²; p<0·001). CCT did not differ significantly between groups (527·60 ± 32·93 vs 524·37 ± 40·81 µm; p=0·568). In multivariate regression, age contributed to a loss of 21·25 cells/mm² per year (p<0·001), while T2DM independently accounted for an additional loss of 191·12 cells/mm² (p<0·001). Increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) had no significant effect on ECD (loss of 15·17 cells/mm² per mmHg; p=0·277). Conclusion: T2DM is associated with substantial endothelial cell loss, which is accentuated by longer disease duration, poor glycaemic control and the presence of DR, whereas CCT remains unaffected.January 2026; Vol. 20(1):004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.004 *Correspondence: Umama Islam, Cornea, LASIK & Refractive Surgery, Vision Eye Hospital, 229, Green Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205.Email: dr.umamaislam@gmail.com. © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[The relationship between HbA1c and atherosclerotic
risk: a clinical evaluation in a non-diabetic population]]></title>
                    <author>Savas Gokcek</author><author>Bülent Sözmen</author><author>Murat Yeşil</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/599 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/03/599/AdminPDF/Gokcek S p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/03/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objective: To evaluate the relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and angiographic atherosclerotic burden in non-diabetic individuals. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included adult patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) at İzmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital between 2002 and 2006. All clinical, biochemical, and angiographic data were retrieved from archived hospital records. Individuals with a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or with fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL were excluded. HbA1c levels, routine biochemical parameters, and classical cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. The extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) were quantified using the Gensini scoring system, which assigns stenosis-based severity points and multiplies them by segment-specific weighting factors to reflect anatomical importance. Patients were classified according to HbA1c categories and number of involved coronary vessels. Correlations between HbA1c, inflammatory markers, and angiographic severity were analyzed. Results: Higher HbA1c levels were associated with increased Gensini scores and greater angiographic atherosclerotic burden. Individuals with HbA1c ≥6.0% showed significantly elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels, suggesting an accompanying low-grade inflammatory process. Although overall group comparisons indicated a significant difference in HbA1c levels, post-hoc analyses did not reveal differences between specific vessel-involvement subgroups. HbA1c demonstrated a modest but meaningful relationship with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, independent of lipid parameters. Conclusion: HbA1c may serve as an early, accessible marker of atherosclerotic risk even in individuals without diabetes. This study provides region-specific evidence supporting the integration of HbA1c into cardiovascular risk-stratification strategies for earlier detection and prevention. January 2026; Vol. 20(1):005.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.005 *Correspondence: Savas Gokcek, Department of Medical Oncology, Necip Fazıl City Hospital  Kahramanmaraş/Turkey, 46080.Email: gokceksavas35@gmail.com. © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Reference interval of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D of
adult Bangladeshi population]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque*</author><author>Md Faruque Pathan</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/600 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/05/600/AdminPDF/Haque WMM p01-15.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/05/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Vitamin D deficiency is a significant public health concern globally including Bangladesh. Currently, Bangladeshi population is being evaluated for vitamin D status using reference interval derived from western studies. Reference interval derived from western populations may not reflect the actual status of vitamin D status of Bangladeshi population due to differences in sun exposure, ethnicity and dietary habits. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the reference intervals and the lower cutoff value of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency in healthy Bangladeshi adult population. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted involving two population groups. Group-1 comprised of adequately sun exposed healthy coastal fishermen and Group-2 included healthy urban dwellers. Group-1 represented an ideal population for assessing the reference serum vitamin D level while Group-2 population was used to detect the cut-off value of vitamin D deficiency level in adult Bangladeshi population. Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) was used to estimate serum 25(OH) D. Serum iPTH and other biochemical parameters were analysed by standard methods. The reference interval of vitamin D was determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines C28-A3. The lower cut-off value of vitamin D deficiency level was determined by detecting deflection point of parathyroid hormone (PTH) level compared to serum 25(OH)D level. Results: Total 125 and 371 individuals were enrolled in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. The mean age of the Group-1 and 2 study populations were 37.98±11.61 and 44.19 ± 11.48 years respectively. The mean serum vitamin D levels of Group-1 and 2 study population were 27.36±7.27 ng/ml (95% CI: 26.08, 28.65) and 21.53±15.98 ng/ml (95% CI: 19.9, 23.16) respectively. Serum reference interval of vitamin D of healthy adults (Group-1) was found as 15.88 to 45.27 ng/ml. The cut-off value for vitamin D deficiency in Group-2 adult population was 12.16 ng/ml (95% CI: 11.04, 13.28) as depicted by first upward deflection of serum iPTH when serum 25(OH)D level fell below 12.16 ng/ml. Conclusion: The findings suggest that current Western-based vitamin D reference intervals may not be appropriate for the Bangladeshi population. The results of our study would help the clinicians and policymakers in developing strategies to address vitamin D deficiency in Bangladesh.January 2026; Vol. 20(1):006.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.006 *Correspondence: Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Department of Nephrology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: wmmhaque@live.com. © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen in
a tertiary care setting in Maharashtra, India: clinical and public health impact]]></title>
                    <author>Sabiha Tamboli*</author><author>Kananbala Yelikar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/602 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/05/602/AdminPDF/Tamboli S p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/05/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains one of the most significant global health challenges, with an estimated 296 million chronically infected individuals worldwide. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detection is a cornerstone in the serological diagnosis of HBV, serving as a marker for both acute and chronic infection. Despite the availability of advanced diagnostic techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), rapid immunochromatographic tests (ICTs) are widely used in resource-limited healthcare settings for their affordability and simplicity. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBsAg among patients attending a tertiary care hospital over six months, analyse the distribution of infection across age and gender and compare findings with other studies. Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, from January 2025 to June 2025. A total of 3,200 serum samples were screened for HBsAg using rapid ICT kits. (Erba HBsAg Rapid test Manufacturer’s name Transasia Biomedicals Ltd, Mumbai Maharashtra India). Data were analysed by age, gender, and monthly trends. Results: Out of 3,200 samples screened, 53 tested positive, yielding an overall prevalence of 1.65%. The highest positivity was observed in patients >60 years (4.54%), followed by the 41-60 years age group (2.58%). No positive cases were detected among children <12 years. Prevalence was nearly equal among males (2.0%) and females (1.26%). Month-wise analysis showed a fluctuating trend, with the highest positivity in April (2.03%). The highest HBsAg rate was observed among suspected hepatitis cases 2.50%, followed by Preoperative screening 1.64%. Conclusion: The study highlights a low prevalence of HBsAg in our hospital population, consistent with WHO’s “low endemicity” category. The absence of infections in children reflects the success of childhood vaccination programs, while persistence in adults suggests the need for catch-up vaccination strategies. Comparisons with similar studies confirm declining HBV prevalence across India. Strengthened surveillance, improved diagnostic confirmation and targeted immunization remain critical for achieving HBV elimination goals. January 2026; Vol. 20(1):007.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.007 *Correspondence: Sabiha Tamboli, Department of Microbiology, ASPL’S CSMSS Medical College and Hospital, Limbejalgaon, Chatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India. Email: sabihatamboli77@gmail.com. © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Sodium
intake and blood pressure regulation in CKD: a systematic review and
meta-analysis]]></title>
                    <author>Williams Tarimobowei Tabowei</author><author>Chikadibia Fyneface Amadi</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/596 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/02/596/AdminPDF/Tabowei p01-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2026/02/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.20 No.1 - January 2026</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2026; Vol. 20(1):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Salt intake is an important factor in blood pressure regulation in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review assessed the impact of salt intake on blood pressure (BP) among CKD patients taking age and duration of intake into consideration. Materials and methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was carried out on Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were guided by the PICO framework. A total of 337 studies were gathered, after screening 8 studies met the criteria for quality assessment and data extraction (primary outcomes: systolic and diastolic BP). A random-effects model determined the overall effect sizes and heterogeneity across the studies. Results: Low sodium intake significantly (p=0.02) reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) but did not affect the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). High sodium intake had no significant effect on either systolic or diastolic BP. CKD patients aged≤50 years had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to patients >50 years. Additionally, long-term low salt intake had lower systolic and diastolic BP compared to short-term intake in patients with CKD. Conclusion: Low dietary sodium intake improves only systolic BP in CKD patients, especially in younger individuals. CKD patients may benefit more from long-term salt reduction than short-term intake. January 2026; Vol. 20(1):003.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.003 *Correspondence: Chikadibia Fyneface Amadi, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria. Email: worldwaiting@yahoo.com. © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0)]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Efficacy
and safety of lentivirus gene therapy in the correction of sickle cell disease]]></title>
                    <author>Sammy Joshua</author><author>Ioanna Myrtzious Kanaki</author><author>Perpetua U. Emeagi</author><author>Chikadibia Fyneface Amadi*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/576 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/09/574/AdminPDF/Joshua S p01-23.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/09/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted using The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis protocol. Following a set of inclusion criteria, 10 studies were selected for quality assessment, extraction, and meta-analysis from 499 studies pooled from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Sematic Scholar. Data obtained were described and subjected to random effect meta-analysis using RevMan software. Conclusion: The review has demonstrated that LGT has a promising efficacy in the treatment of SCD although there are existing safety concerns.]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among students of a medical college
in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Shahida Akter*</author><author>Rehana Khatun</author><author>Aunta Melan</author><author>Saimun Nahar Rumana</author><author>Elisha Khandker</author><author>Mohsina Mahmud</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/584 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/11/584/AdminPDF/Akter S p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/11/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection differs in relation to the human population, age, living conditions, lifestyle, socioeconomic status and geographic location. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of H.pylori infection among students of Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the K.A. Monsur Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information and clinical history. Blood and stool samples were collected from each participant. Serum H. pylori CagA IgG and H.pylori IgA antibodies were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and H. pylori stool antigen (HPSAg) was detected by immunochromatographic test (ICT). Results: A total of 85 participants were enrolled in this study. The overall H. pylori infection rate was 69.4% by positive stool antigen test and /or the presence of H. pylori specific CagA IgG or IgA antibodies in serum. H. pylori stool antigen was detected in 9 (10.6%) individuals, of whom 8 (88.9%) were also positive for H. pylori specific CagA IgG and / or IgA antibodies. Among 85 participants, CagA IgG and IgA were positive in 43 (50.6%) and 46 (54.1%) students, respectively, while 31 (36.5%) were positive for both antibodies. IgA positivity rate was significantly higher (p≤0.005) in individuals who tested positive for CagA-IgG compared to those negative for CagA-IgG antibody. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 17 (20.0%) participants, while 68 (80.0%) were asymptomatic. No significant difference in antibody positivity rates was observed between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in this study. Conclusion: The study revealed that H. pylori infection is common among the medical students in Bangladesh. This underscores the importance of improving awareness and early detection strategies among medical students to minimize transmission and associated health risks. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):009.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.019 *Correspondence: Shahida Akter, Department of Microbiology. Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Shegunbagicha, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: shahidamicro@gmail.com © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cutaneous
adverse drug reactions and their impact on the quality of life of patients: a
study at a tertiary care centre]]></title>
                    <author>Shivani*</author><author>Rajesh Sinha</author><author>Amrendra Kumar Arya</author><author>Kranti Chandan Jaykar</author><author>U.K Pallavi</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/572 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/08/572/AdminPDF/Shivani p01-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/08/14</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) encompass a wide spectrum of drug-induced skin and mucosal manifestations, ranging from mild rashes to severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as toxic epidermal necrolysis. Early recognition and prompt withdrawal of the causative drug are vital for better outcomes. CADRs are increasingly common due to polypharmacy, yet regional data on their patterns and causative agents remain limited. This study aims to identify the clinical and epidemiological patterns of CADRs and to assess their impact on quality of life using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 84 patients with clinically suspected CADRs from January to December 2024. Data were collected through patient interviews, clinical examinations, and the assessment using the Naranjo causality scale. DLQI was used to evaluate the psychosocial burden associated with CADRs. Results: Fixed drug eruption was the most common presentation (25%), followed by maculopapular eruptions (11.9%) and urticaria (9.5%). SCARs accounted for 17.9% cases. Antimicrobials (57.2%) were the most frequently implicated drugs. Generalized lesions and pruritus were significantly associated with higher DLQI scores. DLQI Score interpretation reveals that 3.6% patients have no effects whereas 46.7% patients are moderately affected. Based on the Naranjo algorithm, causality was classified as probable in 76.2%, possible in 14.3%, and definite in 9.5% of cases. Conclusion: CADRs significantly impact quality of life, especially in severe cases or those with strong drug causality. Antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiepileptics were major causative agents. These findings underscore the importance of early detection, comprehensive drug history-taking, and a patient-centred approach to mitigate both the physical and psychological burdens of CADRs. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):006.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.015 *Correspondence: Shivani, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science (IGIMS), Patna-800014,Bihar, India. Email: drshivani4847@gmail.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge
on melioidosis among healthcare workers of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Tabiha Binte Hannan</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Saika Farook</author><author>Forhad Uddin Hasan Chowdhury</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Chandan Kumar Roy</author><author>Kutub Uddin Ahamed</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/571 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/571</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/07/571/AdminPDF/Mazumder S p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/07/28</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Despite being a definite endemic zone for melioidosis, very few cases have been reported from Bangladesh. Lack of awareness among clinicians, microbiologists and medical technologists might be a major concern. To combat this, a training workshop was launched to refine diagnostic and management skills among healthcare professionals of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: Initially, a pre-test was conducted with a questionnaire containing 20 multiple choice questions focusing on epidemiology, diagnosis and management of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Following the pre-test, training sessions containing lectures on melioidosis (including video demonstration) were held and at the end of the sessions, assessment of the knowledge was acquired by a post-test with the same questionnaire. Results: A total of 113 clinicians, microbiologists and medical technologists from 20 public and private medical college and hospitals around Bangladesh participated in pre-test and 87 in post-test after the workshop. Our results documented that the mean percentage of pre-test score was 62.4 ± 22.9 which indicates a considerable gap of knowledge among healthcare professionals regarding melioidosis and B. pseudomallei. The mean percentage of post-test score significantly (p = 0.0001) increased to 79.2 ± 16.5 after the training session. Conclusion: Awareness and skill development programs could play vital role to reduce the knowledge gaps among health care providers about melioidosis. This will increase the yield of diagnosis of this notorious infection and many lives could be saved. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):005.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.014 *Correspondence: Sraboni Mazumder, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Segunbagicha Road, Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh. E-mail: mazumder.sraboni@gmail.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Analysis of plateletpheresis donor deferral
patterns over two years at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Farida Parvin*</author><author>Tashmim Farhana Dipta</author><author>Zakia Akter</author><author>Mohammad Abdul Aleem</author><author>Tamanna Mahfuza Tarin</author><author>Jannatul Ferdous Reshma</author><author>Mohammad Ali</author><author>Samira Humaira Habib</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/568 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/568</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/06/568/AdminPDF/Parvin F p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/06/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Plateletpheresis involves the separation of platelets from healthy donor blood, with the remaining components returned to the donor’s circulation. With the increasing demand for aphaeretic platelets, the transfusion medicine department plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability of safe blood products when required. This study aimed to determine the frequency and underlying reasons for donor deferral during plateletpheresis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Transfusion Medicine Department of BIRDEM General Hospital in Dhaka from January 2021 to December 2022. Apheresis donors of either sex who attended the department were selected and evaluated for deferral by physicians in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlined in the hospital protocol [1]. Data on deferred plateletpheresis donors were recorded manually in a register book and analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 318 plateletpheresis donors were screened during this study period, of whom 43 (13.52%) were deferred for various reasons. The majority of the deferrals (93.9%) were temporary. The major causes of donor deferral were poor venous access (27.7%, mostly in females), low platelet count (16.2%), and the use of medications, most commonly analgesics, at 11.4%. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that venous access plays a vital role in donor deferral. Additionally, low platelet count and use of antiplatelet drug can significantly impact the apheretic donor eligibility. Revising the selection criteria for plateletpheresis donors could substantially enhance donor participation and reduce deferral rates. Furthermore, continued efforts to provide advanced training for technical personnel and ensure effective supervision by Transfusion Medicine Specialists will contribute to minimizing donor deferrals.July 2025; Vol. 19(2):003.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.012 *Correspondence: Farida Parvin, Department of Transfusion Medicine & Clinical Haematology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: dr.farida1984@gmail.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Oxytocin
is an important determinant of psychosocial behavior: a study conducted in
three secondary schools in rural Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Rishad Mahzabeen</author><author>Naima Ahmed</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>AHG Morshed</author><author>MA Sayeed*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/567 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/567</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/05/567/AdminPDF/Tomalika N p01-13.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/05/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Increasing psychosocial dysfunction (PD) is a major mental health issue globally. Deviation from normal mental health in early childhood leads to severe sequelae in adulthood, jeopardizing not only the individual affected but also his family, community and the entire society as a whole. Social crimes indicate mental health disorders of society. Early detection and intervention of behavioral disorders are expected to prevent such an increasing trend. The study aims to measure the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction in secondary school- going children and to determine its biological risk variables. Materials and methods: Three secondary high schools in rural communities were purposively selected. Students aged 11 – 18 years from classes six to ten were selected randomly. Having purposively selected 3 schools, the student participants were randomly selected based on class roll numbers 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 - --- 95; ten from each class for the girls (10 X 5 = 50). Likewise, for the boys, 20 from each class according to Class Roll No: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ---- 100. PSC35 was used for scoring psychosocial behavior. The class teachers filled out the questionnaire in consultation with parents or caretakers. Investigations included: a) anthropometry (height, weight, waist- and hip-girth), blood pressure; b) biochemistry profile (blood glucose, dopamine, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin). PSC35 ≥23 was taken as the cut-off for PD. Results: A total of 250 students (boys / girls = 165/85) participated. The prevalence of PD was found to be 36.4% (boys / girls = 25.6 / 10.8%; p=0.332). Compared with the girls, the boys had significantly higher central obesity (WHR, p=0.018; WHtR, p<0.001) than girls, whereas the girls had higher FBG (p<0.001), cortisol (p = 0.009) and OT (p<0.001). Comparisons between those with PD (PSC35 ≥23) and without PD (PSC35<23) showed that PD group had significantly lower OT (p=0.015). Pearson’s correlation estimated that OT had negative correlations (r = - 0.159, p = 0.016) with PSC35. Multiple comparisons of risk variables based on PSC35-tertiles by ANOVA (Scheffe) showed the higher tertile had significantly lower OT (p = 0.008). Logistic regression (binary) also proved lower OT was significantly associated with PD. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study revealed a higher prevalence of PD among the school students. It investigated major biological risk variables (obesity, blood pressure, blood glucose and neurotransmitters), and whether these variables contribute to PD. Of the investigated variables, lower OT level was found to be significantly associated with PD and proved to be an important risk. Further study may be initiated to confirm our study findings. Acronyms – BMI – body mass index (weight in kg/height in met sq.), DBP – diastolic blood pressure, FBG – fasting blood glucose, MAP –mean arterial pressure [(MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP – DBP)], SD- standard deviation, WHR – waist-to-hip ratio, WHtR- waist-to-height ratio, SBP – systolic blood pressure; PSC35 – pediatric symptom checklist 35. PD- Psychological dysfunction: [ADHD – attention deficiency hyperactive disorders, CD – conduct disorders, ODD – oppositional defiant disorders]. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):002.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.011 *Correspondence: M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Acute
anxiety cases in emergency department following the November 23, 2022 Düzce
earthquake]]></title>
                    <author>Kudret Selki</author><author>Salih Karakoyun</author><author>Mehmet Cihat Demir</author><author>Özkan Kömürcü</author><author>Aziz Alper Ayasli</author><author>Alp Kaan Furkan Kıcıroğlu</author><author>Mustafa Boğan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/561 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/04/561/AdminPDF/Selki K p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/04/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Human and material losses associated with earthquakes are traumatic enough to trigger serious symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It is expected that after an earthquake, an increased number of patients with acute anxiety symptoms would present to the emergency department (ED) of a hospital. Therefore, this study determined the magnitude of the acute anxiety cases that reported to the ED of a tertiary care hospital within the 48-hour period following the earthquake that occurred in Düzce, Turkey, on November 23, 2022. Materials and Methods: Patients presenting to the emergency department over a 48-hour period following the earthquake starting from 04:08 on November 23, 2022, and one week before and after the earthquake were included in the study. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively from hospital records. The severity of anxiety symptoms was assessed with the Faces Anxiety Scale. Results: In the first 48 hours after the earthquake, a total of 224 patients applied to the ED with earthquake-related complaints. Of these patients, 59 (26.34%) presented with acute anxiety symptoms. A significantly (p <0.05) increased number of acute anxiety-related patients (8.4%) visited the ED following the earthquake compared to the 48-hour period one week before and after the earthquake (1.3% and 0.4%). Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that immediately after the earthquake, as expected, the ED of hospital encounters increased cases with anxiety symptoms along with an increase in trauma cases. Therefore, healthcare professionals should be able to recognize and manage not only trauma but also psychiatric symptoms in earthquake situations. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):001.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.010 *Correspondence: Mustafa Boğan, Emergency Department, School of Medicine,  Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey, Posta code: 81620. Email: mustafabogan@hotmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Septicemic melioidosis in a young adult with
transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major]]></title>
                    <author>Farhan Muhib</author><author>Saika Farook*</author><author>Md. Belayet Hossain</author><author>Mir Sajedul Karim</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/575 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/575</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/09/575/AdminPDF/Muhib F p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/09/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Melioidosis, a neglected infection in Bangladesh, is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and carries high mortality, if not diagnosed or treated timely. Individuals with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major make a person especially vulnerable to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection owing to iron overload and immune dysfunction. Here, we report a fatal case of septicemic melioidosis in a 24-year-old man with Hb E β-thalassemia major who presented with fever, dyspnea, a cervical abscess, and septicemia. This case highlights the threat of melioidosis in thalassemia patients and emphasizes the importance of timely recognition and targeted therapy in endemic settings. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):008,  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.017 *Correspondence: Saika Farook, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: sairana15@yahoo.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: Reports of two
cases]]></title>
                    <author>Nurun Naher*</author><author>Maherunnessa</author><author>Mehbuba Jahan Rinky</author><author>Sakib Ashfaq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/569 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/07/569/AdminPDF/Naher N p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.2 - July 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is a rare but increasingly recognized form of ectopic pregnancy, in which the blastocyst implants within the myometrial tissue at the site of a previous cesarean section scar. The global rise in cesarean delivery rates has led to a corresponding increase in the prevalence of CSEP, currently estimated at approximately 1 in 1,800 to 1 in 2,226 pregnancies. This condition poses a significant risk of life-threatening complications, including uterine rupture, massive hemorrhage, and potential loss of fertility if not diagnosed and managed promptly. We present two clinically distinct cases of CSEP managed at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka. Both patients had a history of prior cesarean delivery and presented with different gestational ages and clinical manifestations. The first case involved a viable 8-week pregnancy implanted in the cesarean scar, diagnosed via transvaginal ultrasonography and managed surgically with hysterotomy. The second case presented as a missed abortion at 22 weeks and was later identified as an advanced cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, requiring emergency laparotomy due to uterine wall protrusion and fetal demise. These cases underscore the importance of early diagnosis through imaging and individualized treatment planning based on the gestational age, viability, patient stability, and fertility desires. Prompt recognition and appropriate management are critical in minimizing maternal morbidity and optimizing outcomes. July 2025; Vol. 19(2):004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.013 *Correspondence: Nurun Naher, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: nayanbirdem@gmail.com. © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antibody and serum bactericidal response to Burkholderia pseudomallei in acute
localized and septicemic melioidosis cases with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Sraboni Mazumder*</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>KM Shahidul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/557 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/557</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/01/557/AdminPDF/Mazumder S p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/01/15</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of fatal community acquired infection in diabetic patients. Protective immune response in human melioidosis is not clearly understood yet. In this study, serum IgM/IgG and bactericidal antibody response to B. pseudomallei were determined in diabetic patients with acute localized abscess and septicemia. Material and methods: Culture positive melioidosis cases with diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from the respective cases in active phase of the disease within 1 or 2 days of being culture positive. Anti- B. pseudomallei IgM and IgG and serum bactericidal antibody were measured by ELISA and microplate based bactericidal assay respectively. Results: A total of 10 culture positive acute melioidosis cases with diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Out of 10 cases, 5 had abscess in different organs and 5 had septicemia. The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 3.91 years and 7 (70%) were male and 3 (30%) were female. The mean anti- B. pseudomallei IgM titer of septicemic and abscess cases were not significantly different (14,080 ± 4,489.13 vs. 19,200 ± 3,620.39; p = 0.4) while the mean IgG titers of two groups were > 204,800. Out of 10 cases, 9 (90%) were positive for serum bactericidal antibody. Mean serum bactericidal antibody titer of septicemia cases (66 ± 26) was not significantly (p = 0.72) different than those of localized infection (80 ± 28.28). Conclusion: The results indicate that high anti- B. pseudomallei IgM/IgG and serum bactericidal antibodies are induced in diabetic patients with septicemia and suppurative infections. This immune response in diabetics might be important to contain the infection and help in recovery. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):009.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.009 *Correspondence: Sraboni Mazumder, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbaghicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: mazumder.sraboni@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Spectrum
of thyroid disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Md Rakibul Hasan*</author><author>Raisa Siddika</author><author>Sayma Akther Mou</author><author>Md Shahed Morshed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/556 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/01/556/AdminPDF/Hasan MR p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/01/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Thyroid disorders (TD) are common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Information on types of functional and structural TDs among Bangladeshi patients with T2DM is scarce in the literature. The present study aimed to determine the magnitude and characteristics of different TDs among Bangladeshi diabetic patients attending an urban healthcare center in Dhaka. Material and methods: The study included patients with T2DM who attended an urban Endocrinology Outpatient consultation center in Dhaka over a period of two years. Diagnosis of TDs was based either on previous medical records or on investigational results of thyroid functions/gland during the first visit. Standard criteria were used to diagnose TDs. Results: Total 1424 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the study population was 48.8 ± 12.9 years and 45.2% and 54.8% were male and female respectively. Among 1424 participants 217 (15.2%) had functional and/or structural abnormalities of thyroid gland. For those with abnormal thyroid function (14.3%), the most common was clinical hypothyroidism (10.5%), followed by subclinical hypothyroidism (2.6%), and clinical thyrotoxicosis (1.3%). Except for one, all patients with overt hypothyroidism had primary hypothyroidism. Among patients with overt thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease was the most common entity (50%). Multinodular goiter was the most frequent diagnosis among structural abnormalities (7 out of 13). Female sex (OR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.5, 6.1, p=0.003) and obesity (OR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.1, 5.0, p=0.039) had higher odds of having a diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism among patients with T2DM. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diabetic patients with overt hypothyroidism. Conclusion: TDs especially hypothyroidism are common among female Bangladeshi patients with T2DM. Dyslipidemia and obesity are significantly more in overt hypothyroidism among patients with T2DM. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):008.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.008 *Correspondence: Md Rakibul Hasan, Department of Endocrinology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh. Email: dr.mrh46@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Assessment
of dietary intake and its determinants in adult patients on anti-tubercular
treatment in Aligarh, India: a cross&nbsp;sectional study]]></title>
                    <author>S Danish Iqbaal*</author><author>M Athar Ansari</author><author>Ali Jafar Abedi</author><author>Saira Mehnaz</author><author>Mohd Yasir Zubair</author><author>Shahnawaz Ahmad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/555 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/555</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/555/AdminPDF/Iqbaal SD p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/12/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Adequate nutrition and a good dietary practice play an important role in recovery from tuberculosis (TB). Improper dietary practice and poor nutrition lead to low immunity in the host and thus increase the risk of active TB in addition to relapse and mortality. The objective of the study was to assess the dietary intake and its determinants in patients on anti-tubercular treatment. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in four Designated Microscopic Centres under the administration of the District TB Cell of Aligarh district from January 2020 to December 2021. Adult TB patients undergoing treatment between the ages of 18 to 60 years were enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as a study tool. The 24-hour recall method was used for eliciting dietary intake as it had less recall bias. The sufficient and insufficient dietary cut offs were chosen from the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) nutrient guidelines for TB patients. The data was analyzed by appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 410 TB patients participated in the study. Majority (61.7%) of the patients were unemployed and 46.8% belonged to the lower middle class. Of the total cases, 83.2% patients were consuming energy below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The protein intake was sub-optimal in 71%, while 52% were taking fat below RDA. Age, gender, and education of the participants were significantly associated (< 0.05) with their energy and protein intake. Conclusions: The participants’ intake of nutrients was suboptimal compared to RDA. Thus, there is a need to improve the nutritional status of TB patients. Therefore, findings of the study could be utilised to plan programs for improved nutritional care for under privileged TB patients living in rural and urban areas.January 2025; Vol. 19(1):007.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.007 *Correspondence: S. Danish Iqbaal, Senior Resident, Department of  Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna-800014, Bihar, India. Email: iqbalsdalig@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Sociodemographic
and behavioral risk factors for cervical cancer, its awareness and preventive
practices among reproductive age group women in a slum area of Kolkata]]></title>
                    <author>Sinjita Dutta</author><author>Shalini Pattanayak</author><author>Afifa Ahamed</author><author>Mausumi Basu*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/554 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/554</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/554/AdminPDF/Dutta S p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/12/21</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Women residing in Indian slums remain at risk of developing cervical cancer because of lack of awareness and effective screening programs. This study aimed at identifying sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for cervical cancer, its awareness, and preventive practices among reproductive age-group women in a slum of Kolkata. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational study with cross-sectional design, was conducted among women of age group 15 - 49 years residing in a slum area. A predesigned, pretested and semi-structured schedule was employed to obtain data from the study participants. Questionaire contained domains of sociodemographic characteristics, awareness regarding cervical cancer, behavioral risk factors and preventive practices. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests and association of sociodemographic characteristics with awareness was assessed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 215 women were enrolled in the study and 62.8% were married and majority (61.8%) had secondary school and above level of education. Nearly 77% participants did not prefer to use barrier contraceptive methods and 8% had a history of unsafe abortion. Majority (76.3%) were unaware of cervical cancer. Out of 51 (23.7%) participants who were aware of the cervical caner, only 9.8% and 17.6% of the them could correctly identify the risk factors and signs and symptoms of cervical cancer respectively. Only 2 (3.9%) and 11 (21.5%) had heard about the screening methods and vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer respectively. Conclusion: Extensive health promotion and educational campaigns are required to generate awareness against cervical cancer in under privileged community. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):006.  DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.006 Correspondence: Mausumi Basu, Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata- 700020, India. Email: basu.mausumi544@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pattern
of ocular morbidity in a rural community in India]]></title>
                    <author>Mohd Yasir Zubair</author><author>Ragul Jayaprakasam Sathiyamoorthy</author><author>Tabassum Nawab</author><author>Uzma Eram</author><author>Saira Mehnaz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/553 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/553</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/553/AdminPDF/Zubair MY p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/12/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Many conditions can affect eye health, and even those that do not cause vision impairment can produce pronounced morbidity. In this study, we have investigated the pattern of eye diseases at an eye out patient department (OPD) in a rural set up. Materials and methods: Eye OPD runs fortnightly at Rural Health Training Centre of Department of Community Medicine, JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh, India. Record from clinic register and patient files from the year 2016 to 2022 was accessed. Data was entered in SPSS version 20.0 software and analysed. Results: A total of 694 patients were enrolled in the study. Common ocular morbidities were refractive error (29.5%), presbyopia (21.6%), cataract (16.9%), pterygium (10.2%), conjunctivitis (8.9%) and corneal conditions (4.3%). Prevalence of refractive error was almost same in both male (30.6%) and female (33.1%). Presbyopia was significantly (p<0.05) higher in female (27.2%) compared to male (18.4%) patients while conjunctivitis was significantly (p<0.05) higher among males (15.3% vs. 6.1%). Refractive error and conjunctivitis were significantly (p<0.01) higher among patients aged less than 40 years while presbyopia, cataract and corneal conditions were significantly (p<0.05) higher among patients aged 40 years and above. Conclusion: A good proportion of patients with unoperated cataract reflect lack of accessible and affordable cataract operation services in rural areas. Findings of the study could be used to strengthen eye care services in rural areas. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):005.  DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.005 *Correspondence: Ragul Jayaprakasam Sathiyamoorthy, Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh,  India. Email: ragulwaves@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Women&#039;s
satisfaction towards comprehensive abortion care and its determinants in
Mekelle Health facilities, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: a mixed research approach]]></title>
                    <author>Kibrey Hadush</author><author>Mussie Alemayehu</author><author>Shishay Wahdey</author><author>Dejene Ermias</author><author>Sisay Moges</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/552 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/552</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/552/AdminPDF/Hadush K p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/12/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Every year, it is estimated that half a million pregnancies in Ethiopia terminate in abortion. In Ethiopia, unsafe abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal death. Improving the quality of health care is one of the transformative agendas of Ethiopia&#39;s Health Sectoral Transformation Plan. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess women&#39;s satisfaction with comprehensive abortion care and its determinants in Mekelle health facilities, Tigray Region. Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study with a mixed research strategy was conducted. Women who receive abortion care at three health facilities in Mekelle constituted the study participants. The study participants were chosen using a systematic random sampling procedure with proportionate allocation. Data was collected through client exit interviews with mothers. A multiple linear regression model was used to investigate the determinants of client satisfaction. Result: A total of 317 mothers were enrolled in the study. Out of the 317 respondents, 168 (53%) were aged 20 to 24 years, with a mean age of 24.4± 4.9 years. The total mean score of client satisfaction with post-abortion care was 2.35 ± 0.24, and 273 (86.1%) of respondents were happy with the service provided by the health facilities. Based on multiple linear regression, a stronger art of care and respect resulted in a 70.8% increase in customer satisfaction. Additionally, the physical environment&#39;s safety would increase pleasure by 12.5%. Providing information about the procedure increased consumer satisfaction by 57.1%. An increase in service quality would increase client satisfaction by 84.1%. Conclusion: A safe environment, good art of care and respect, providing adequate information to the client, and better-quality care would improve client satisfaction. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.004 *Correspondence: Sisay Moges, Department of Family Health, Hossana College of Health Sciences, Hossana, Ethiopia. Email: Sisaymoges55@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cardio-metabolic risk and morbidity of a cohort
in a rural community of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Md Mohiuddin Tagar</author><author>Naima Ahmed</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/551 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/551</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/551/AdminPDF/Tomalika N p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/11/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Of the ever-increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality constitute the major health burden world-wide. Several cross-sectional studies revealed the increasing prevalenceof NCDs irrespective of cast, culture, ethnicity, socio-economic growth and geopolitical environment. Recent cross-sectional studies revealed South Asians are the most susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Few cohort studies addressed cardiometabolic morbidity and related risks, particularly in the rural population.This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and its changes overtime in a rural cohort of Bangladesh. Methods: The study used baseline data of a study conducted in 2011- 2013 on prevalence of coronary artery disease among a cohort living in 16 villages. During 2021-2023, the baseline data collected in 2011-2013 were retrieved and the participants were searched and categorized into a) physically present, b) died and c) missing. Those who were present were requested to volunteer for re-investigations. Briefly the investigations included interviewing on social, family, personal and clinical history, anthropometry, blood pressure measurement, blood biochemistry and electrocardiography (ECG). Results: A total of 3928 people participated in baseline study of 2011- 2013. Of them, 1075 could be tracked by village and household. Of them, 953 were found alive. Of the 953 available participants, 651 (254 men and 397 women) volunteered to participate in 2021-2023 study. Compared to 2011-2013 baseline, the prevalence of MetSyn and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increased to 31.6% and 5.2% from 7.5% and 0.8% respectively in 2021-2023. Similarly, compared to baseline, the prevalence of obesity and hypertension also showed significant increase overtime. Estimated incidence of MetSyn was 260.8 per 1000 population, which was more profound in women than men (W: M= 300.3:200.8). Conclusions: The study revealed a significant increase of obesity, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome within a decade indicating an emerging health burden among the rural people of Bangladesh. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):003.  DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.003 *Correspondence: MA Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.  Email: sayeed950@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence
of developmental dental hard-tissue anomalies among adolescents in southeastern
Nigerian rural communities]]></title>
                    <author>Obehi. O Osadolor</author><author>Aisosa. J Osadolor</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/549 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/549</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/12/549/AdminPDF/Osadolor OO p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/11/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Dental anomalies are significant deviation in the normal size, structure, number, root formation or shape of a tooth. It can affect primary and permanent dentition. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of developmental dental hard tissue anomalies in the permanent dentition of adolescents in two southeastern Nigerian rural communities. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among school children aged 12-13 years attending two public secondary schools. The schools were located in Nkanu-West and Udi Local Government areas in Enugu state. Oral examination for the presence or absence of developmental dental hard tissue anomalies was performed by a single examiner. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. Results: A total of 61 (44.9%) males and 75(55.1%) females participated in the study. The age range of the children was 12 to 13 years with mean age of 12.49 ± 0.50 years. The prevalence of developmental dental hard tissue anomalies was 2.2%. Developmental dental hard tissue anomalies were seen only in females, higher among 13-year-old school children and school children from middle socioeconomic status. Enamel hypoplasia was seen more than peg shaped lateral incisor. There was no statistically significant association with sex (p = 0.25), age (p = 0.61), socioeconomic status (p= 0.25) and developmental dental hard tissue anomalies. Conclusion: The prevalence of developmental dental hard tissue anomalies was low in this study. Developmental dental hard tissue anomalies can affect aesthetics and quality of life. A visit to dental clinic for clinical assessment, preventive interventions and management is recommended. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):002.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.002 *Correspondence: Obehi. O Osadolor, Department of Child Dental Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku- ozalla, Enugu State. Nigeria. E-mail: osadolorobehi@yahoo.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diabetic
kidney disease in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study on screening, treatment
and prevention practice]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque</author><author>Delwar Hossain</author><author>Md Feroz Amin</author><author>Tabassum Samad</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Samira Humaira Habib</author><author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author><author>Mehruba Alam</author><author>Md. Mostarshid Billah</author><author>Mohammed Mehfuz-E-Khoda</author><author>Tufayel Ahmed chowdhury</author><author>Abdul Latif</author><author>Shudhangshu Kumar Saha</author><author>Rafi Nazrul Islam</author><author>Tasnova Mahin</author><author>Fatema Khanom</author><author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Mahfuzur Rahman Bhuiyan</author><author>Monami Islam Khan</author><author>Md. Maminul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/548 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/548</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2026/01/548/AdminPDF/Haque WMMU p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/11/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.19 No.1 - January 2025</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>January 2025; Vol. 19(1):001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading complication of diabetes, contributing significantly to global cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In Bangladesh, the rising prevalence of diabetes has made DKD a growing public health concern. An estimated 21.3% of diabetic patients in Bangladesh have some form of kidney impairment. The Diabetic Association of Bangladesh (BADAS) operates a network of healthcare centers that provide diabetes management across the country. Despite these efforts, significant gaps exist in DKD screening, patient education, and the use of renoprotective medications. This study aims to evaluate DKD in BADAS-affiliated healthcare centers, focusing on screening practices, management and patient education. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 8 BADAS-affiliated healthcare centers, representing diverse regions of Bangladesh. A total of 320 type 2 diabetic patients were selected using multi-stage sampling methods. Data were collected using structured questionnaires which included socio-demographic characteristics, clinical histories, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), glycemic control status, blood pressure levels, medication usage, and diagnostic criteria for DKD.Blood samples were obtained to determine serum creatinine and HbA1c levels, and spot urine samples were collected to measure the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). Results: The prevalence of DKD was found to be 34.1%, with most cases in the early stages (Stage1:33% and Stage2: 45%). Screening practices were inadequate. Only 21.1% of participants with DKD were receiving renoprotective medications like ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and 35.8% were using SGLT2 inhibitors. Glycemic and blood pressure control were also suboptimal, with 81.9% of total participants having HbA1c levels ≥7% and 69.1% having uncontrolled hypertension. Of the entire study population, only 0.3% met all six prevention targets. Conclusion: DKD is prevalent among diabetic patients in BADAS-affiliated healthcare centers, with poor screening practices and underutilization of renoprotective medications. Systematic improvements in DKD management, including enhanced screening, medication use, and patient education, are essential to prevent progression to ESRD. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):001.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.001 *Correspondence: Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Department of Nephrology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Trends of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization
rates in southern states of the United States, 2020-2023]]></title>
                    <author>Bever-Leigh Holden</author><author>Precious Patrick Edet</author><author>Elizabeth A.K. Jones</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/520 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/04/520/AdminPDF/Holden BL p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/04/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has emerged as one of the most profound global health crises of the 21st century. In the United States, the impact of COVID-19 has been severe, with notable disparities observed in the Southern region. This study aims to evaluate trends in COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization rates in southern states over the course of 2020 to 2023 by presenting a comprehensive analysis of trends in COVID-19 outcomes within Southern states. Methods: Data for the study was collected from the COVID-19 Data Tracker, a resource provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Stratification techniques were employed to categorize the sample into subgroups of Southern states (Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia). Joinpoint regression models were used to calculate Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC). Results: Results showed a downward trend in both age adjusted APC and AAPC COVID-19 hospitalization rates and an upward trend in mortality rates for all southern states between 2020 to 2023. Only 3 out of the 12 states have age adjusted mortality rates that are lower than the national age adjusted mortality rate for COVID-19 (286.4 deaths per 100,000). COVID-19 vaccine coverage in 12 southern states is 61.8% - 91.3%. Conclusion:The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic within the southern U.S. states. The information would be a valuable guidance for public health strategies, resource allocation, and policymaking aimed at addressing this ongoing crisis. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):001.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.013 *Correspondence: Bever-Leigh Holden, Jackson State University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson, Mississippi, USA, Email:bever-leigh.i.holden@students.jsums.edu; beverleighholden@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production and
blaCTX-M gene in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal]]></title>
                    <author>Gaurab Pandey</author><author>Anmol Karki</author><author>Prashant Karki</author><author>Chattra Thapa</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/521 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/521</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/04/521/AdminPDF/Pandey G p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/04/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections where Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are the predominating pathogens. These pathogens have a high rate of antibiotic resistance and exhibit the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern and ESBL production of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from patients with UTIs attending a tertiary care hospital in Nepal by both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed where 4664 mid-stream urine specimens from suspected UTI cases were cultured. Isolated E. coli and K. pneumoniae were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Genotypic detection of blaCTX-M gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 4664 urine samples processed, 564 (12.1%) were positive for E. coli (475, 10.2%) and K. pneumonia (89, 1.9%). Out of the total 564 studied samples, 267 (47.3%) were MDR isolates (E. coli: 222, 46.7%; K. pneumoniae: 45, 50.6%) and 96 (17%) were positive for ESBL by double disc confirmatory test. Out of 24 ESBL positive E. coli and 6 K. pneumoniae, 19 (79.2%) and 3 (50%) respectively were positive for blaCTX-M gene. Conclusion: This study indicates high prevalence of MDR and ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing UTIs at an urban hospital setting in Nepal. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.014 *Correspondence: Gaurab Pandey, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nobel College Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Email: pandeygaurab67@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Association
between mustard oil consumption and thrombocytopenia: a case-control study in
Bangladesh  ]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque*</author><author>Mashud Alam</author><author>AKM Shaheen Ahmed</author><author>Arif Mahmud</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/529 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/529</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/05/529/AdminPDF/Haque WMMU p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/05/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Mustard oil, a common ingredient in South Asian cuisine, has been associated with both culinary appeal and potential health benefits. While studies suggest its role in reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease, concerns arise due to the presence of erucic acid, which has been linked to adverse cardiovascular effects and thrombocytopenia. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between mustard oil consumption and thrombocytopenia in the Bangladeshi population. Materials and methods: Consecutive patients diagnosed with thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150000/µL) were enrolled as cases, while controls were selected as the next consecutive patients with normal platelet counts, regardless of demographic characteristics or disease status. Data on demography, clinical variables and mustard oil consumption were collected from medical records and face-to-face interviews. Results: Seventy-six participants were included in the study of which 38 belonged to case and 38 to control groups. The mean age of the individuals in control and case groups was 57.5 and 58.2 years respectively (p = 0.808). Notably, 83.3% of cases reported using mustard oil compared to 28.3% of controls (p<0.001). Cases exhibited significantly (p < 0.001) lower platelet counts (114,789 ± 24,453 /µL) compared to controls (278,211 ± 84,595 /µL). Male gender and the use of mustard oil in cooking were identified as predictors of thrombocytopenia. No bleeding symptoms were observed, raising questions about the clinical significance of mustard oil-associated thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for further research to elucidate the complex relationship between mustard oil consumption, erucic acid, and thrombocytopenia, emphasizing the importance of dietary habits in health outcomes. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):005  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.017 *Correspondence: Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Relationship of epileptic seizures with lunar cycle
and seasons]]></title>
                    <author>Erdal Yavuz*</author><author>Kasim Turgut</author><author>Umut Gülaçtı</author><author>Irfan Aydın</author><author>Mustafa Gürbüz</author><author>Fatih Mehmet Aksoy</author><author>Ebru Arslan</author><author>Ali Arık</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/530 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/530</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/05/530/AdminPDF/Yavuz E p01-5.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/05/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Various factors facilitate seizures in patients with epilepsy. The relationship between the phases of the moon and neuropsychiatric conditions has been a matter of curiosity. The present study investigated whether patient presentations to the emergency department with epileptic seizures vary according to the phases of the moon, seasons, and daily air temperature. Materials and method: The study retrospectively included patients who presented to the emergency department with epileptic seizures over a one-year period. Patients with provoked seizures (head trauma, intracranial hemorrhage, etc.), pregnant women, and patients aged under 18 years were excluded. Patients’ age, gender, date and time of presentation to the emergency department were recorded. The effects of the phases of the moon and seasons on these presentations were investigated. Results:Total 255 patients (176 male, 79  female) met the inclusion criteria of the study. The majority of patients (67.1%) were aged 18-44 years. Majority of the patients (41.2%) did not previously used epileptic medication. The laboratory tests ​​showed that the mean blood pH and lactate values were 7.31±0.11 and 4.59±4.12 mmol/L respectively. No statistically significant (p>0.05) relationship was observed regarding frequency of presentations of epileptic seizures and  the season and phases of the moon. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the phases of the moon, air temperature, and seasons did not affect the frequency of epileptic seizures. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):006  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.018 *Correspondence: Erdal Yavuz, Department of Emergency Medicine, Adiyaman University Medical Faculty, Adiyaman, Turkey. Email: erdal_yavuz15@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial
susceptibility pattern of Gram-negative uropathogens at a tertiary care hospital
in Gujarat]]></title>
                    <author>Mihirkumar K Oza</author><author>Shirishkumar Patel</author><author>Beena Jagad</author><author>Ravindra Jadeja</author><author>Kairavi Desai*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/536 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/536</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/06/536/AdminPDF/Oza MK p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/06/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Urinary tract infections remain one of the most common infections in the community and susceptibility of uropathogens to commonly used antimicrobials has declined over the years. It is important to periodically study the antibiogram of uropathogens, so that empiric treatment can be determined using recent data and thus improving patient outcomes. The present study evaluated the antibiotic resistance trend of prevalent Gram-negative uropathogens in urine samples received at the microbiology laboratory at a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital, Bhavnagar for one year period from March 2021 to February 2022. All received urine samples for culture and sensitivity were included in the study. All samples were subjected to culture and sensitivity using standard methods. Results: During study period, 918 (18.6%) organisms were isolated from 4938 urine samples. Out of 918, 85.1% (781) was Gram-negative and 9.8% was Gram-positive bacteria while 5.1% was Candida spp. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent (61.7%) of the total Gram-negative isolates. Gram-negative isolates were most resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, quinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The rate of resistance to aminoglycosides, nitrofurantoin, third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems was comparatively low. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance of the prevalent uropathogens should be monitored routinely to plan effective empirical therapy. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.019 *Correspondence:Kairavi Desai, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Sir Takhtasinhji Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India-364001. E-mail:drkairavi@yahoo.in]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Anxiety
levels and influencing factors among the relatives of patients presenting to the
emergency department]]></title>
                    <author>Seçkin Bahar Sezgin*</author><author>Hakan Topaçoğlu</author><author>Özlem Dikme</author><author>Özgür Dikme</author><author>Şennaz Şahin</author><author>Sıla Şadıllıoğlu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/537 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/537</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/07/537/AdminPDF/Sezgin SB p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/07/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: In recent years, the majority of incidents of increasing violence against healthcare workers, especially emergency department (ED) staff, have been perpetrated by family members of patients. Anxiety is one of the predictors of this violence in ED. The aims of this study were to measure anxiety levels among the relatives of ED patients at the time of presentation and to identify the factors that affect them. Materials and methods: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 687 relatives of patients were included. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory- State (STAI-S) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory- Trait (STAI-T) scales were administered to assess state and trait anxiety levels. The data for the study were recorded using the SPSS 16.0 statistics program. Results: STAI-S averages were found to be statistically significantly higher than their STAI-T averages in parents (p = 0.036). A statistically significant difference was found between the state and trait anxieties of the group whose patients had a history of previous hospitalization (p = 0.013), previous surgeries (p = 0.009), presented with trauma (p=0.007), and received intervention in ED (p = 0.003). The state anxiety of the patient relatives who brought their patients to the ED by their own means was found to be statistically significantly higher than the trait anxiety (p=0.028). Conclusion: Our study showed that patient relatives whose patients presented to the ED due to trauma or had a history of surgery/hospitalization, or arrived at the hospital under their own means, experienced elevated anxiety levels. More multi-center studies are needed. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):008.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.020 *Correspondence: Seçkin Bahar Sezgin, Emergency Department,Gaziantep City Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey. Email: seckinbahar34@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among
rural children aged 6-14 years in a selected block of West Bengal, India]]></title>
                    <author>Vineeta Shukla*</author><author>Vivek Shukla</author><author>Mausumi Basu</author><author>Aparajita Mondal</author><author>Mamunur Rashid</author><author>Ripan Saha</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/543 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/543</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/07/543/AdminPDF/Shukla V p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/07/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Children comprised a significant part of the population during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 IgG antibody among the children aged 6 to 14 years and to determine, if any, the factors associated with seropositivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a selected block of West Bengal, India over a period of 1 year (April 2022-March 2023) among children. Thirty villages in the block were selected by cluster sampling technique. COVID-19 IgM/IgG Rapid Antibody Test Kit (ICMR approved) was used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies.  Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests. Results:Total 600 children were enrolled in the study.SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody was positive in 57.2% children. The seropositivity rate (91.8%) was significantly (p<0.001) high among children of age group 12 to 14 years. Seropositivity rate was not significantly different between male and female children (46.4% vs. 53.6%; p>0.05). Conclusion:SARS-COV-2 IgG antibody was positive in a high proportion of children residing in rural areas indicating asymptomatic coronavirus infections among rural population. Socio-demographic factors such as higher age group and father’s education were significantly associated with seropositivity. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):010.  DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.022 *Correspondence: Vineeta Shukla, Department of Community Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India. Email: vineeta1992@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Side
effects and perceptions among young adults in Bangladesh following COVID-19
vaccination: a single center study]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Faizul Ahasan*</author><author>Nazma Haque</author><author>Fouzia Begum</author><author>Sharmin Rahman</author><author>Sultana Farzana</author><author>Mahbub Aziz</author><author>Sheikh Ariful Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/544 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/544</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/08/544/AdminPDF/Ahasan MF p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/07/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):011</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global pandemic with severe health, economic, and social impacts. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial mitigation strategy. Despite the pivotal role of COVID-19 vaccines in controlling the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy remains a significant concern globally, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to explore the side effects and perceptions of the young adults in Bangladesh following COVID-19 vaccination. Materials and methods: The study, conducted in April 2021 among 325 young Bangladeshi adults who received two doses of Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) vaccine against SAR-CoV-2. Participants completed a self-administered online questionnaire covering demographics, health history, post-vaccination adverse events, and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccine. A symptom scoring system, based on the interquartile range (IQR), was used to categorize the severity of the side effects. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 26.0, with appropriate tests for significance. Result: Total 325 participants (male - 64.6%, female - 68.9%) were enrolled. The mean age was 22 ± 1.6 years. Social media (43·1%) was the primary source of information about COVID-19. Vaccine related side effects were experienced by 40.9% and 47.1% participants following 1st and 2nd dose of vaccination respectively. Side effects were more prevalent after the second dose of vaccine, particularly in females (31·3% vs. 8·2%, p<0·001). Common side effects included fatigue (41·6%), injection site pain/swelling (36·7%) and headache (32·6%). In over 50% of participants, symptoms appeared within 8 hours following both doses. Symptoms resolved by taking rest at home in majority of participants. Participants with comorbidity reported significantly higher rate of side effects after the first dose (61.8% vs. 37·3%, p <0.05). Despite side effects, 69·8% felt reassured post-vaccination, 63·7% believed in its long-term safety, and 98·8% recommended vaccination to others. Conclusion: The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was well-tolerated among young adults in Bangladesh. Though higher side effects after the second dose were observed in female participants, yet most maintained a positive perception, underscoring its acceptability and recommended vaccination to others. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):011. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.023 *Correspondence: Md. Faizul Ahasan, Department of Pharmacology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: arronnoo_shuvro@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antibody
response and its persistence to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine in
young Bangladeshi adults: a prospective study]]></title>
                    <author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Md Faizul Ahasan</author><author>Smita Debsarma</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Naima Ahmed</author><author>Md Mohiuddin Tagar</author><author>Rishad Mehzabeen</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Supti Prova Saha</author><author>Rehana Khatun</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Nazma Haque</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/546 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/546</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/09/546/AdminPDF/Tomalika N p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/09/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):012</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: COVID-19 vaccination program has become a global priority to combat the worldwide pandemic. Studies claimed that severity and case fatality could be minimized by vaccination. The durability of antibodies developed after vaccination is crucial for preventing COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine over time. Materials and method: The study was conducted from November 2021 to November 2022 among young adults. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to record the socio-demographic and clinical data of all the participants. All the participants were vaccinated with two doses of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine. Blood samples were collected for estimation of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein by indirect ELISA. Biochemical parameters namely random blood sugar (RBS), lipid profile, total protein, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), FT4 (free thyroxin) and vitamin D levels were determined in baseline samples by standard methods. Result: Total 348 adults, aged 18-28 years, were enrolled and of which 35.3% and 64.7% were male and female respectively. Out of 348 participants, 51.7% was seropositive for anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies before receiving vaccination. Seropositivity was not significantly (p >0.05) different in male and female participants before and after vaccination. Seropositivity at 1 month after 1st dose and 4 and 7 months after 2nd dose of vaccination increased significantly (p <0.05) compared to pre-vaccination rate. Compared to pre-vaccination level, the mean anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels increased significantly (p<0.05) at 1 month after 1st dose and 4 and 7 months following 2nd dose of vaccination. Among 41 seronegative (non-immune) individuals, seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 increased significantly (<0.05) at 7 month after 2nd dose of vaccine compared to 1 month and 4 months following 1st and 2nd doses of vaccine respectively. Seropositivity was not significantly (p >0.05) different before and after vaccination in participants having adequate and insufficient/deficient vitamin D levels. Conclusion: The study revealed that a good proportion of young adults possessed anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibody before vaccination and the seropositivity increased to over 90% following vaccination with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine. High level of anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibody persisted 7 months after 2nd dose of vaccine. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):012.  DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.024 *Correspondence: Nehlin Tomalika, Department of Community Medicine & Public Health, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: nehlintomalika@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pleomorphic
adenoma of the submandibular gland: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Vijay Kumar</author><author>Tanweerul Huda</author><author>Zeeshan Ahmad</author><author>Rohit Kumar</author><author>Mohd. Yasir Zubair</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/524 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/524</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/05/524/AdminPDF/Kumar V p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/05/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare and constitute only about 1-4 % of head and neck tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign tumor of salivary glands. Approximately 80% of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the parotid gland, rest 10-20% in submandibular and minor salivary glands. Here, we present a confirmed case of pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):004.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.016 *Correspondence: Zeeshan Ahmad, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ESIC Medical College Hospital, Bihta , Patna - 801103, Bihar, India. Email: ahmad66zeeshan@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Long
COVID: Epidemiology, post-COVID-19 manifestations, possible mechanisms, treatment,
and prevention strategies – A&nbsp;review]]></title>
                    <author>M. S. Zaman</author><author>Robert C. Sizemore</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/523 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/523</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/04/523/AdminPDF/Zaman MS p01-19.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/04/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The respiratory disease COVID-19 began in 2019 and quickly became a pandemic infecting millions of individuals across the globe. Many patients show lingering effects of the infection several days after testing negative for the disease. This has become known as “long COVID” and is defined by various sources as lasting anywhere from 4 weeks to  periods. This is a review of the existing literature on long COVID which offersextensive insights into its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Materials and method: Information on clinical features, mechanisms, treatment options, preventive measures, and epidemiology of long COVID is derived from an extensive review of scientific journals and pertinent authoritative sources. Results: The virus enters the cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are present on numerous cell types throughout the body and thus the virus can affect several organs resulting in avariety of different symptoms. Long COVID symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, headache, brain fog, and symptoms related to cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Fatigue can affect upwards of 93% of patients suffering from long COVID. Failure of the body to clear the virus could initiate this chronic effect. Studies indicate that the use of antiviral drugs at the early phase of COVID-19 could prevent long COVID symptoms. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 also might help prevent long COVID. Conclusion: Diagnosing and managing long COVID is challenging due to diverse symptoms, including mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Longitudinal studies and patient-oriented approaches are crucial for treatment, supported by policies and educational campaigns. Understanding the pathophysiology remains a top priority. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):003.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.015 *Correspondence: M. S. Zaman, Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, USA; Department of Biology, South Texas College, McAllen, TX 78501, USA. Emails: zaman@alcorn.edu; mzaman@southtexascollege.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Mustard oil consumption and Harris platelet syndrome:
unveiling a dietary link to thrombocytopenia in the Indian subcontinent]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/541 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/541</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/07/541/AdminPDF/Haque WMMU p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/07/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.2 - July 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2024; Vol. 18(2):009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Asymptomatic thrombocytopenia, characterized by a reduced platelet count without bleeding symptoms, is notably prevalent in certain regions of India and Bangladesh, presenting a diagnostic challenge. A significant portion of healthy blood donors from Bangladesh and various parts of India, particularly West Bengal, exhibit this condition, termed Harris platelet syndrome (HPS). This review explores the potential correlation between mustard oil consumption, a common dietary staple in these regions, and the incidence of HPS. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using systematic search strategies across databases such as Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus. Keywords included "Harris platelet syndrome," "mustard oil consumption," "thrombocytopenia," and "erucic acid." Studies were selected based on relevance and quality, focusing on the epidemiology of HPS, dietary habits, and the thrombocytopenic effects of erucic acid. Results: HPS shows a significant geographical prevalence in the Indian subcontinent, notably in regions like West Bengal, Kashmir, and Assam. The review identifies a higher prevalence of thrombocytopenia in areas with predominant mustard oil usage. Studies highlight the association between dietary erucic acid from mustard oil and thrombocytopenia, with notable effects observed in patients treated with Lorenzo’s Oil, which contains erucic acid. Conclusions: The review highlights a significant association between mustard oil consumption and asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in the Indian subcontinent. The similarity in hematological profiles between HPS and erucic acid-induced thrombocytopenia underscores the need for further research. This includes measuring erucic acid levels in patients, conducting controlled dietary interventions, and genetic analyses to differentiate between genetic and environmental factors. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):009. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.021 *Correspondence: Wasim Md MohosinUl Haque, Department of Nephrology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Short-term and low-dose liraglutide plus
metformin decreased body mass index and insulin resistance more than metformin
alone in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An open-label randomized
controlled study]]></title>
                    <author>Ahmed Hossain</author><author>Hurjahan Banu</author><author>Md. Shahed Morshed</author><author>Shazia Afrine</author><author>Muhammad Abul Hasanat</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/479 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/479</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/09/479/AdminPDF/Hossain A p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/09/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Reduction of weight improves different manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study compared the effects of liraglutide plus metformin versus metformin alone on weight loss and metabolic profiles in obese women with PCOS. Methods: This open-label randomized controlled clinical trial consecutively recruited newly-diagnosed PCOS patients of reproductive age with obesity (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2). Following randomization into two equal groups, Group-1 received treatment with metformin 1000 mg daily alone while Group-2 was given metformin 1000 mg plus subcutaneous (SC) liraglutide 1.2 mg daily for 12 weeks. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal data and ovarian morphology were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Clinical information and side effects were recorded every four weeks after initiation of the treatment. Glucose, lipids, and all hormones were analyzed by glucose oxidase, precipitation method, and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay respectively. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results: Study included 30 participants comprising 15 for each group. Among 15 participants, 5 dropped out from the Group-1 and 1 dropped out from the Group-2. The final analysis was done among 24 participants (Gr-1: 10 and Gr-2: 14). Waist and hip circumference (WC, HC) significantly (p <0.05) decreased in patients treated with only metformin. Menstrual irregularity, BMI (body mass index), HC, systolic blood pressure (BP), 2h-OGTT glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the patients of Group-2 after 12 weeks compared to baseline status. Percentage changes of weight, BMI and HOMA-IR improved significantly (p < 0.05) in cases of Group-2 than those in Group-1. Side effects were though numerically higher in the Group-2 patients, but reduced with time. Conclusions: Addition of liraglutide with metformin was superior to metformin alone for lowering of BMI and insulin resistance among obese PCOS women with acceptable side effects. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.002 *Correspondence: Muhammad Abul Hasanat, Room# 1524, Level-15, Block-D, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. ORCID iD: orcid.org/0000-0001-8151-9792; Email: aryansowgat@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinically
significant minor blood group antigens amongst South Indian donor population]]></title>
                    <author>Soonam John</author><author>Archana Kuruvanplackal Achankunju</author><author>Madathingal Sugathan Suma</author><author>Sasikala Nadanganan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/484 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/484</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/09/484/AdminPDF/John S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/09/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Distribution of blood group antigen varies among different races. It is important to know the distribution of these antigens so as to provide a donor database that aid in providing compatible blood units for patients with multiple alloantibodies. The present study was conducted to determine the distribution of clinically significant minor blood group antigens amongst the South Indian blood donors.  Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy regular repeat voluntary blood donors of same ethnicity attending a tertiary care hospital in South Kerala. Clinically significant blood antigens of the ABO, Rh (D, C, c, E, and e), Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems were determined. The ABO and Rh(D) grouping were performed by tube technique using monoclonal antisera. Column agglutination technique was used to phenotype Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd antigens. Results: Total 200 healthy repeat voluntary blood donors were enrolled in the study. Out of 200 donors, 92% were RhD positive. Among the Rh antigens, the e antigen was positive in 97.8 % and 100% among the Rh(D) positive and Rh(D) negative donors respectively. No E antigen was detected in RhD negative donors. Total 6 and 2 Rh phenotypes were observed among the Rh(D) positive and negative donors respectively. R1R1 and Rr were the most frequent phenotypes among the RhD positive and negative donors (47.28% and 93.75%) respectively. Among the Kell blood group antigens, K and Kpb antigens were present in 100% of our donors while in Duffy and Kidd system Fya and Jka were most predominant (89% and 87%) respectively. Conclusions: The findings of the present study would be helpful in developing in-house panel cells. Moreover, a rare donor registry of donors typed negative for a high-frequency antigen can be formulated. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.004 *Correspondence: Soonam John, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Government Medical College, Parippally, Kollam, Kerala,India. Email: johnsoonam@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Nasal
carriage of methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare
workers in a tertiary care hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal]]></title>
                    <author>Gaurab Pandey</author><author>Ashrit Sharma Ghimire</author><author>Luniva Maharjan</author><author>Binita Maharjan</author><author>Ashmita Upadhaya</author><author>Anita Sah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/498 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/498</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/10/498/AdminPDF/Pandey G p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/10/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Introduction and Objectives: Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthcare workers is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections globally. There is a significant burden of nosocomial MRSA infections in low and low-middle income countries (LMICs), including Nepal. The present study investigated the rate of nasal carriage of MRSA among the healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital, in Kathmandu, Nepal with emphasis on inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance. Material and method: The study was conducted at Star Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal, from September 2022 to November 2022. Healthcare workers (HCWs) working at the different departments of the hospital were enrolled. Nasal swabs from both anterior nares of HCWs were collected aseptically and cultured on Mannitol Salt agar. S. aureus was identified by Gram stain and standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus was performed by disc diffusion method. MRSA isolates were detected phenotypically by disc diffusion method using cefoxitin disc (30 µg), and inducible clindamycin resistance was detected phenotypically by the D-zone test. Results: Total 105 HCWs were enrolled in the study. Out of 105 HCWs, 14 (13.3%) were positive for S. aureus among which 6 (5.7%) were MRSA carriers. The nasal carriage of MRSA was highest among doctors (16.7%) and the HCWs of the post-operative department (14.3%). All the isolated MRSA were susceptible to chloramphenicol and vancomycin. Inducible MLSB resistance was detected in 33.3% MRSA while the rate was 21.4% in all isolated S. aureus. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that HCWs could be the potential source of nosocomial infection by methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant S. aureus. Thus, preventive measures should be initiated to mitigate the risk of its spread and the test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance should be incorporated into the routine antibiotic susceptibility testing in hospital settings. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.005]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Association
between serum bilirubin and estimated glomerular
filtration rate in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease]]></title>
                    <author>Tanzia Tahfim</author><author>Gazi Sharmin Sultana</author><author>Mst. Hasnat Silvi Era</author><author>Farjana Yesmin</author><author>Rehana Afroze Ruma</author><author>Laila Sultana</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/499 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/499</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/11/499/AdminPDF/Tahfim T p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/11/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress in diabetic patients by increasing reactive oxygen species production, which ultimately damage the cells and cause micro and macrovascular complications including diabetic nephropathy. Increased serum bilirubin level, within physiological range, can inhibit oxidative stress; thereby, preventing development of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to find out association between serum bilirubin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in diabetic patients with or without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and method: Both male and female participants aged 30 to 60 years were enrolled in the study. Enrolled participants included healthy individuals (Group-1), diabetic patients without CKD (Group-2) and diabetic patients with CKD (Group-3). Clinical and biochemical parameters namely blood pressure, body  mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, eGFR, serum bilirubin and spot urine ACR were measured by appropriate methods. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, ANOVA and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data. Result: Total 189 respondents were enrolled in 3 study groups. Each group consisted of 63 cases. Of the 63 cases in Group-3, 49 and 14 belonged to CKD stage 3 and stage 4 respectively. The mean (± SD)  serum bilirubin levels of healthy individuals, diabetic patients without CKD and diabetic patients with CKD were 0.66 ± 0.31, 0.64 ± 0.21, 0.46±0.18 mg/dL respectively. Mean serum bilirubin was significantly low (p<0.001) in diabetic patients with CKD compared to healthy and diabetics without CKD. A Stepwise multiple regression analysis using eGFR as an objective variable adjusted for risk factors as explanatory variables, showed that serum bilirubin (β=0.323, p<0.001) was significantly associated with eGFR, in addition to age, BMI, HbA1c and urinary ACR. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that low serum bilirubin level is associated with CKD in diabetic patients and it could be used as a simple marker for CKD in diabetics. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.006 *Correspondence: Tanzia Tahfim, Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Monsur Ali, Medical College, Uttara, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh. Email: tanzia.uamc@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Impact
of COVID-19 pandemic on the physical, mental and social health of the suburban
and rural adult population in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Rishad Mahzabeen</author><author>Md Mohiuddin Tagar</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Naima Ahmed</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Rashid-E-Mahbub</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/501 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/501</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/12/501/AdminPDF/Tomalika N p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/12/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant impact on health worldwide. Adverse effect of COVID-19 on health-related quality of life is significant. This study aimed to find out the impact of COVID-19 on the physical, mental and social health of suburban and rural adult population in Bangladesh. Methods: A suburban and a rural community were purposively selected. The suburban and rural areas were located about 40 km and 130 km north and north-east of Dhaka city respectively. People aged ≥20 years in the selected communities were enrolled in the study. The investigation procedure included socio-demographic and clinical history, anthropometry, and clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires were used for assessing mental and social health respectively. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding the prevention and transmission of COVID-19 was assessed by a validated questionnaire and interview. Results: Total 385 individuals (suburban=201, rural=184) were enrolled in the study. Out of 385, 116 and 269 were male and female, respectively. Out of total 385 participants, depression, anxiety and stress were present in 113 (29.4%), 144 (37.4%) and 70 (18.2%) respectively, while 210 (54.5%) were normal. Extremely severe depression, anxiety and stress were present in 3.6%, 6% and 0.5%, respectively. Depression and anxiety did not differ between suburban and rural populations, though stress was significantly higher among the suburban (p<0.05) population. Social functioning was limited in more than 50% as opposed to excellent (5.5%) or good (39.8%). Almost 60% of the participants had to cut-down schedule of heavy work. Moderate to minimal physical activities were less affected, though weakness and nervousness predominantly hindered socialization. About the prevention and transmission of COVID-19, awareness and attitude were found satisfactory (≥45%), though practice was neglected (<30%). Conclusions: This is the first study in Bangladesh to report the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical, mental, and social health of adult suburban and rural populations. Physical and mental disabilities were evident among the studied people. Social functioning was affected by COVID-19 equally in suburban and rural participants. A well-designed cohort study is needed to obtain a real picture of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on human health and society. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.007 *Correspondence: MA Sayeed,  Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Ibrahim Medical College,    1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Impaired
polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions in diabetics]]></title>
                    <author>Tanzinah Nasrin*</author><author>Nurun Nahar Faizunnesa</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/502 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/502</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/12/502/AdminPDF/Nasrin T p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/12/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first line of host resistance against infections. Diabetics are prone to both bacterial and fungal infections. The present study evaluated the phagocytic and killing activity of PMN in diabetics. Material and methods: Females aged 30 to 50 years with and without diabetes mellitus were enrolled. Functions of PMN were assessed by determining the phagocytic rate, phagocytic index and killing of C. albicans by PMN. Results: A total of 36 diabetic patients and 15 age matched non-diabetic healthy individuals were enrolled. Phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans by PMN were significantly (p<0.05) lower in patients with diabetes mellitus compared to non-diabetic healthy individuals (86.5±14.6 vs. 94.5±4.2; 56.7±23.8 vs. 81.5±24.2). Conclusion: Phagocytic and killing functions of PMN were significantly reduced in patients with diabetes mellitus. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.008 *Correspondence:Tanzinah Nasrin, Microbiologist, Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tanzinahn8@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Preferences and perceptions of MBBS students towards blended
learning in medical education]]></title>
                    <author>Mohd. Yasir Zubair*</author><author>Absar Ahmad</author><author>Sameena Ahmad</author><author>Saira Mehnaz</author><author>Uzma Eram</author><author>Ragul Jayaprakasam Satyamoorthy</author><author>Zeeshan Ahmad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/506 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/506</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/12/506/AdminPDF/Zubair MY p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/12/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Introduction: With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic there has been a rapid shift in the mode of delivering education. A swift transition from place-based offline classes to virtual online learning platforms has emerged during the pandemic. The present study explored the acceptance, perceptions and preferences of blended learning among medical undergraduate students. Methods: MBBS undergraduate students of second and final professional (Part I & II) phases from Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, UP were enrolled in the study. We studied acceptance, perception and preferences regarding blended mode of learning of MBBS students using online Google Form. Semi structured questionnaire was drafted by the research team, based on thorough and critical review of pertinent literature and other similar survey tools. Each item was discussed separately and changes were made where required. Then, it was transformed to an online form through Google Forms. Results: Out of a total of 432 students, more than 3/4thof students (78.2%) believed that combined approach would lead to improvement in learning. Around half (53.6%) of the female students were relying predominantly on offline learning compared to 37.0% of male students (p = 0.004). Flexible schedule and personal convenience was reported as the most common benefit of online learning while lack of interaction with peers and connectivity issues were found to be the major disadvantages. Conclusion: Majority of the students echoed a positive attitude towards blended mode of teaching and learning. Medical education is largely demonstration and application based for acquiring skills. Therefore, a combined approach where the theoretical aspect of the curriculum is made online, might offer a more convenient, flexible and effective alternative way of teaching and learning. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.009 *Correspondence: Mohd. Yasir Zubair, Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College,   AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: yasmuhsin@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Species
distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci
isolated from clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Sabiha S Tamboli</author><author>Saleem B Tamboli</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/507 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/507</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/12/507/AdminPDF/Tamboli SS p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/12/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are considered important causative agents of hospital acquired infection. These organisms are found in various clinical specimens from hospitalized patients. Present study was carried out to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of CoNS isolated from clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: CoNS isolated from various clinical samples were included in this study. The isolates were identified by colony morphology, Gram’s staining, catalase and coagulase tests. Further differentiation of species was performed by susceptibility to novobiocin, urease activity and ornithine decarboxylase test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Total 108 isolates of CoNS were included and analysed. Out of 108 CoNS, S. epidermidis was the most common species (36.1%) followed by S. saprophyticus (23.1%), S. hemolyticus  (17.6%), S. hominis (13%) and S. lugdunensis (10.2%). Most of the isolates showed resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, amoxycillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusions: CoNS emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen and should not be neglected as contaminant. High rate of antimicrobial resistance warrants susceptibility testing prior to the treatment of CoNS. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.010 *Correspondence: Sabiha S Tamboli, Department of Microbiology, Parbhani Medical College and RP Hospital Research Institute, Pathri Road, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India. Email: sabihatamboli77@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Modified
MacConkey agar: a simple selective medium for isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei  from soil]]></title>
                    <author>Salvinaz Islam Moutusy</author><author>Saika Farook</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>K.M. Shahidul Islam</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani*</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/508 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/508</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/01/508/AdminPDF/Moutusy SI p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/01/15</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):011</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Materials and methods: The media was prepared by using commercially available MacConkey agar as the basal medium and incorporating it with 4% glycerol and four antimicrobials namely vancomycin, amphotericin B, gentamicin and colistin at a concentration of 2.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L respectively. The media was initially optimized for growth of B. pseudomallei by addition of 100 organisms/plate of B. pseudomallei and ATCC strains of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Sterile and unsterile soils were spiked with graded concentration (1x106 to 1x101 CFU/gm of soil) of B. pseudomallei and other clinical and saprophytic Gram negative organisms and cultured on MacConkey, Ashdown and modified MacConkey media after enrichment in Ashdown broth. Growth of B. pseudomallei in the three media was compared. The newly devised media was termed as - Modified MacConkey agar for Burkholderia (MMB media). Conclusion: The newly devised MMB media is selective and easy to prepare for the detection of B. pseudomallei from soil.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[How fatal
can untreated constipation be?]]></title>
                    <author>Salih Karakoyun</author><author>Yasin Haydar Yartaşı</author><author>Mehmet Cihat DEMIR</author><author>Mustafa BOĞAN</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/476 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/476</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/08/476/AdminPDF/Karakoyun S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/08/21</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This case report discusses a patient who presented with dyspnea and presyncope following the Valsalva maneuver. The patient had a history of chronic constipation and experienced difficulty defecating, leading to vigorous straining. Upon arrival at the emergency department, the patient exhibited signs of cardiac tamponade and computed tomography(CT) scan revealed high-density pericardial hemorrhagic effusion. Pericardiocentesis and surgical decompression were performed to manage the tamponade. The patient&#39;s symptoms improved and discharged in stable condition. This case highlights the potential fatal complications of constipation, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in cardiovascular care. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.001 *Correspondence: Mustafa BOĞAN, Emergency Department, School of Medicine, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey, Posta code: 81620;  Email: mustafabogan@hotmail.com;  ORCID: 0000-0002-3238-1827]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Hall
technique for the management of carious primary molar teeth among African children
- a review]]></title>
                    <author>Obehi. O Osadolor</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/480 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/480</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/09/480/AdminPDF/Osadolor OO p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/09/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: Hall technique involves cementing preformed metal crowns or stainless steel crowns on the tooth with the use of luting glass ionomer cements, without the use of local anaesthesia, caries removal and tooth preparation of any kind. It can be an intervention to stop the progression of active untreated carious lesion in primary molar teeth among African children. This article reviews the available studies on Hall technique used for the management of carious primary molar teeth among African children. Method: An electronic literature search in Web of science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, African journals online, ResearchGate and Google was conducted in June, 2023 using the Population-Concept-Context framework. Search terms and keywords were combined by Boolean operators. Three independent investigators (research assistants) screened titles, abstracts and full text of publications. The inclusion criteria were original research articles, case report, case series related to Hall technique for the management of carious primary molar teeth studies conducted in African continent, published in English language and in electronic databases. Results: Four articles were included as they were assessed to meet the aim of the review. The study design of the articles was three randomised controlled clinical trial and one case report. One study was identified each from Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and Sudan respectively. All the identified studies in African continent were hospital based. Conclusion: Hall technique can be an intervention for management of carious primary molar teeth in resource poor locality in Africa and globally. Studies on Hall technique for the management of carious primary molar teeth identified in Africa were few and restricted to few countries. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.003 *Correspondence:Obehi. O Osadolor, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku- ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.  E-mail: osadolorobehi@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Dengue in Bangladesh and neighboring countries: an
overview of epidemiology, transmission, control, and prevention]]></title>
                    <author>M. S. Zaman*</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/511 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/511</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/01/511/AdminPDF/Zaman MS p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/01/27</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.18 No.1 - January 2024</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):012</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objectives: Dengue fever, caused by four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV), is a global health threat, affecting millions of people annually, with a significant burden in Asian countries. Bangladesh, where dengue was first documented in the 1960s, has witnessed an escalation of cases in recent years. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on dengue covering dengue epidemiology in Bangladesh and neighboring countries, efficacy of available vaccines, diagnostic tests and preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the keywords such as dengue in Bangladesh, dengue in South and Southeast Asia, epidemiology, genomic structure, transmission, diagnosis, vaccines and prevention. The information and data of this article were drawn from extensively reviewed scientific journals and pertinent authoritative sources. The data search was limited from year 2000 to 2023. Results: Magnitude of dengue infection in Bangladesh and neighboring countries wasassessed. The usefulness of diagnostic tests as well as the prospect of available vaccines was reviewed. Control and preventive measures to mitigate spread and transmission of the disease were also discussed. Conclusion: Effective prevention and control of dengue needs coordinated efforts in surveillance, research, control and preventive measures. This holistic approach is necessary to mitigate detrimental consequences of dengue on public health and economies worldwide. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.012 *Correspondence: M. S. Zaman, Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi, USA. Email: zaman@alcorn.edu; mzaman@southtexascollege.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Vitamin
D levels in seven non-identical occupational groups entail redefining of
existing vitamin D deficiency diagnostic cut off level for native Bangladeshi
population]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Mohammad Mainul Hasan Chowdhury</author><author>Kazi Natasha Hashem</author><author>Md Mohiuddin Tagar</author><author>Md. Shahed Morshed</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/453 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/03/453/AdminPDF/Haq T p01-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/03/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.011</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Recent publications have reported alarming prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in South Asian countries including Bangladesh. But, data on vitamin D levels in different occupational groups are lacking. This study addressed the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in different occupational groups of Bangladesh. Additionally, the study estimated parathyroid hormone, phosphate, calcium and metabolic syndrome in these groups to see the effect of hypovitaminosis D on these parameters. Materials and method: Seven diverse occupational groups (agrarian workers, rickshaw-pullers, young cricketers and footballers, fishermen, dry fish industry workers, garment-workers and medical students) of Bangladesh were selected based on grade of physical activity and level of sun exposure. Blood was collected for the estimation of 25(OH) vitamin D, fasting glucose,lipid profiles, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and intact parathyroid (iPTH) hormone. Multiple comparisons of these variables among the 7 groups were estimated by ANOVA. Results: A total of 785 (m / f = 359 / 426) participants volunteered. Of them, 54.2% had vitamin D deficiency. Metabolic syndrome was 5% and showed no significant association with hypovitaminosis D (x2 = 0.9, p=0.43). For biophysical characteristics, the mean (±SD) values of age, body mass index, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were – 33.8±16.3y, 22.3±4.1 kg/m2, 0.87±0.06 and 0.39±0.16, respectively. The values for vitamin D (ng/ml), calcium (mg/dl), iPTH (pgm/ml) and phosphate (mg/dl) were 20.25±13.1, 9.57±1.85, 38.22±24.54 and 4.18±0.81, respectively. The comparisons of vitamin D and other related variables among the groups (ANOVA) showed vitamin D level in the garments worker was significantly (p<0.01) higher from other 6 groups. Likewise, compared with other six, rickshaw-pullers had significantly higher calcium level. Calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone did not show any change with decreasing vitamin D level (high to low quartile: Q4→Q1), though parathyroid hormone increased significantly at the lowest vitamin D level (Q1:<11.8ng/ml: p=0.002). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was high irrespective of occupations, site (rural/urban), social class and sun-exposure. Overall, vitamin D level was low though varied among the groups. Despite minimum and maximum sun-exposure, the garments workers had the highest and the fishermen had the lowest vitamin D levels, respectively. Calcium level was normal in all groups. Calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone did not show any changes with decreasing vitamin D, though parathyroid hormone increased significantly when vitamin D decreased to the lowest quartile. The findings indicate that the specific cut off value for vitamin D deficiency needs to be determined for population of a given geographic area. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.011 *Correspondence: M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Trends in HIV/AIDS incidence
rate in Mississippi, 2008-2019]]></title>
                    <author>Adetoun F. Asala</author><author>Azad R. Bhuiyan</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Vincent L. Mendy</author><author>Anthony R. Mawson</author><author>Luma Akil</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/454 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/454</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/03/454/AdminPDF/Asala AF p01-13.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/03/14</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Despite the decline in new HIV infection across the United States, Mississippi is still experiencing high rates of new HIV infections. Reports highlighted significant variations by geographical locations and socio-demographic factors. This study examined trends of HIV/AIDS incidence rates in Mississippi from 2008 to 2019. Materials and methods: Data on HIV/AIDS diagnosis were extracted from Mississippi Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System database. Data were cleaned and de-identified using Microsoft Excel and SAS 9.4. Overall and annual age-adjusted HIV and AIDS incidence rates were calculated by sex, race, and age using 2000 US population. Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models. Results: Overall, HIV incidence rate declined from 25.0 in 2008 to 18.79 per 100,000 population in 2019 (24.8% decrease) while AIDS incidence increased from 6.4 in 2008 to 8.2 per 100,000 population in 2019 (28.1% increase). Comparison between sexes of all age groups showed a downward trend of new HIV infection (AAPC: Male:-1.50, Female:-5.17) and an upward trend of AIDS incidence (AAPC: Male: 1.90, Female: 3.70). Age adjusted HIV incidence declined by 26.8% and 12.4% among blacks and whites respectively (AAPC: Blacks: -2.8, Whites:-1.0) but there was no significant change in age-adjusted AIDS incidence among both races from 2008-2019. Conclusion: This study indicated that age-adjusted HIV incidence rate is declining in Mississippi but trends differ by race, gender, and age. More interventions aimed at ensuring early diagnosis, proper linkage to care and preventing the progression of HIV to AIDS particularly among at-risk population are needed in Mississippi. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.012 *Correspondence: Adetoun F. Asala, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 350 W Woodrow Wilson Dr, Jackson, MS 39213. Email: adetoun.f.asala@students.jsums.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinical profile, surgical management and
outcome of bronchial carcinoids - a single centre experience]]></title>
                    <author>Farooq Ahmad Ganie</author><author>Shahbaz Bashir Dar</author><author>Masarat-ul Gani</author><author>Hakeem Zubair Ashraf</author><author>Ghulam Nabi Lone</author><author>Mudasir Hamid Bhat</author><author>Iqra Nazir Naqash</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/455 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/03/455/AdminPDF/Ganie FA p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/03/15</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Bronchial carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine neoplasms that range from low-grade typical carcinoids to more aggressive atypical carcinoids and, therefore demonstrate a wide spectrum of clinical behaviors, histologic features and outcome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical profile, surgical management and outcome of bronchial carcinoids at a single centre over two years period. Materials and methods: Patients with a final histologic diagnosis of bronchial carcinoid tumor were included in the study. Evaluation comprised of clinical history and physical examination, postero-anterior and lateral chest radiographs, and computed tomographic (CT) scans of the chest and upper abdomen (including liver and adrenal glands). Performance status was assessed by the Karnofsky scale. Pulmonary function tests were performed routinely. Results: A total of 18 patients were included in the study. Out of 18 cases, 10 (55.6%) were female and 8 (44.4%) were males. Sixteen (88.9%) patients had typical carcinoid tumor and 2 (11.1%) had atypical carcinoid tumor. The tumor was located in the right lung in 11 (61.1%) and in the left lung in 7 patients (38.9%). Surgeries included 15 standard lobectomies and 3 bronchial sleeve resection. At one month post surgery, there was 13-22% increase in post operative FEV1 in patients who underwent bronchial sleeve resection while in patients who underwent lobectomy, the post operative FEV1 was 84% of pre-operative FEV1. Post surgery, all patients were in group A as per Karnofsky performance status. Conclusion: Standard care of bronchial carcinoid tumors is surgical resection, and the surgical approach should depend on tumor’s size, location and histology. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.013 *Correspondence: Farooq Ahmad Ganie, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, SKIMS, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Email: farooq.ganie@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial
susceptibility pattern of enterococci isolated from various clinical samples in
a tertiary care hospital in India]]></title>
                    <author>Sameena Khan</author><author>Hardik Bansal</author><author>Nageswari Gandham</author><author>Shahzad Mirza</author><author>Chanda Vyawahare</author><author>Rajashri Patil</author><author>Sahjid Mukhida</author><author>Nikunja Kumar Das</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/456 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/456</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/03/456/AdminPDF/Khan S p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/03/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Enterococci are significant human pathogens that are capable of causing various nosocomial infections. This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of enterococcal species isolated from various clinical specimens with special reference to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Material and methods: The study was carried out for 6 months on enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital. Organisms were identified by standard procedures, and subjected to antimicrobial testing as per the standard guidelines. Results: Total 116 enterococci were isolated from various clinical samples. Of the total isolates, 56.9%, 30.2% and 12.9% were isolated from indoor, intensive care unit and non-hosptalized (outdoor) patients respectively.The most common Enterococcus species from blood was E. faecium (72%) followed by E. faecalis (12%) and E. galinarrium (9.4%). Out of 116 enterococci isolates, 31 (26.7%) were resistant to vancomycin and only 1 (0.9%) was resistant to linezolid. Conclusion:The study demonstrated high prevalence of multidrug-resistant enterococci in our hospital setting, thus posing a serious therapeutic challenge. The result would be useful in monitoring the future trends of antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci in this region. *Correspondence: Dr. Nikunja Kumar Das, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India-411018. E-mail: nikunjdas3085@gmail.com IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.014    ]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Estimated
glucose disposal rate (eGDR) in rural Bangladeshi population and its
correlation with cardiometabolic risks]]></title>
                    <author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Md Mohiuddin Tagar</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/457 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/457</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/03/457/AdminPDF/Tomalika N p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/03/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: For decades type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) are increasingly gaining importance as an underlying mechanism for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). IR is related to various cardiometabolic adverse effects. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique, the gold standard method for measuring IR, is an invasive and complex procedure. Estimation of glucose disposal rate (eGDR) is an easy alternative tool for measuring IR. There is no known study on eGDR level in Bangladeshi native population. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the eGDR values in a healthy working rural Bangladeshi population. Materials and methods: Six villages were selected purposively as the study sites. All healthy working people aged ≥20 years in selected rural community were considered eligible. Those who consented to participate in the study were enrolled. Investigations included a) interviewing for social and clinical history, b) anthropometry and measurement of blood pressure and d) estimation of HbA1c and biochemical indices. The eGDR (mg/kg/min) was calculated using formula: eGDR = 21.158 − (0.09 * WC) − (3.407 * HT) − (0.551 * HbA1c); where WC = waist circumference in cm, HT = hypertension (yes = 1/no = 0), and HbA1c = HbA1c (%). Results: A total of 93 (m/w = 29/64) participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MSyn) were 34%, 31.1% and 16.1%, respectively. The mean eGDR value was 9.9 (±0.149; 95% CI: 9.62–10.2) mg/kg/min. Most of the values of biophysical characteristics were normal. The comparison between participants with and without MSyn showed that the former had significantly lower eGDR (9.05±1.24 vs.10.10±1.37, p<0.01). Inverse correlations of eGDR with the obesity, glycemia and lipidemia (weight, waist, FBG, T-chol, and TG) were significant. Declining eGDR were significant with rising WHR, WHtR, TG/HDLR and T-chol/HDLR (for all, p<0.05). Conclusions: The study revealed the level of eGDR in a healthy working people of a rural community of Bangladesh. Moreover, eGDR was found to decrease significantly with the increasing cardiometabolic risks. The study revealed a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy working people highlighting susceptibility of Bangladeshi natives to non-communicable diseases. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.015 *Correspondence: M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Bacterial
co-infection in Covid-19 patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in
Maharashtra]]></title>
                    <author>Rajashri Patil</author><author>Rakshit Pandey</author><author>Nageswari Gandham</author><author>Shahzad Mirza</author><author>Chanda Vyawahare</author><author>Sameena Khan</author><author>Jyoti Ajagunde</author><author>Nikunja Kumar Das</author><author>Sahjid Mukhida</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/458 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/458</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/04/458/AdminPDF/Patil R p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/04/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Several patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with bacterial co-infection. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacteria responsible for co-infection in Covid-19 infected patients visiting a tertiary care hospital of Maharashtra, India. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for 3 months at tertiary care center. Covid-19 patients attending the hospital were included in the study. All the specimens were collected either at the time of admission at outdoor or within 24-48 hours of admission. All the specimens were processed for culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing as per institutional policy and standard methods. Results: Total 200 samples were collected out of which 98 (49%) patients were diagnosed with bacterial co-infection. Majority of cases with bacterial co-infection were above 21 years of age. Culture was positive in 80%, 66.7%, 49.2% and 38.8% of tracheal aspirate, pus, blood and urine samples respectively. Out of 98 cases of bacterial co-infection, 62.2% and 37.8% had infection with Gram negative and positive bacteria respectively. Most common organism isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.4%) followed by Enterococcus species (14.3%). Over 70% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluroquinolones and carbapenems while 100% Acinetobacter was resistant to all antimicrobials tested. Among 57 Of the Gram negative isolates, 5 and 24 isolates were positive for ESBL carbapenemase respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed that bacterial co-infection was present in considerable proportion of Covid-19 patients and the organisms responsible were resistant to several antimicrobial agents. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.016 *Correspondence: Sahjid Mukhida, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India-411018. E-mail: drssmukhida@rediffmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Seroprevalence
of hepatitis B virus infection in pre-mass vaccination era among children
residing in a rural area of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Amal K Mitra</author><author>MA Sayeed</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/465 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/465</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/05/465/AdminPDF/Mohsena M p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/05/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: There are few details available regarding the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general Bangladeshi population. There is a dearth of data on prevalence of HBV infection in children and adolescents who were born before the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). The objective of the current study was to use archived data to describe the seroepidemiology of HBV infection (HBsAg and anti-HBc Antibody) among school children in a particular rural area of Bangladesh. Also, the study correlated serum vitamin A level with the HBV infection status among a subset of children. Materials and method: The study analyzed the archived data of a study conducted in 2003 and 2004. The samples were collected from 1995 children, aged 5 to 15 years, from a purposively selected rural area located about 100 km north-east of capital Dhaka. HBsAg (HBV surface antigen) and anti-HBc antibody were determined by ELISA method. Vitamin A (retinol) in blood was assayed by HPLC technique. The prevalence rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc antibody was determined by simple percentages. All associations between different characteristics were tested by Chi square test. Results: Of the total 1995 children, 988 (49.5%) and 1007 (50.5%) were male and female respectively. Among them, 23 (1.2%) were HBsAg positive or HBV carriers and 79 (8.1%) were anti-HBc antibody positive. Neither HBsAg nor anti-HBc antibody positivity rate showed any difference in male and female children. There was also no significant difference of HBsAg positivity rate amongst children of different age groups; whereas, anti-HBc antibody positivity rate increased significantly (p <0.005) with increase of age. Serum vitamin A was estimated in a subset of children. The mean serum vitamin A concentration was found significantly (p<0.05) lower among HBsAg positive children compared to their age and sex matched healthy control group. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that rural children are in risk of exposure to HBV infection. Increasing HBV seropositivity with age emphasizes the need for devising prevention strategies and to create awareness among the rural children. Further studies are necessary to find out the hitherto undetected sources namely occult hepatitis B cases and the ways of spread of HBV in the community. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.017 *Correspondence: M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com; J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence
and antimicrobial susceptibility of high-level gentamicin resistant enterococci
isolated from urine at a hospital in Pune, India]]></title>
                    <author>Nageswari R. Gandham</author><author>Shahzad Mirza</author><author>Chanda Vyawahare</author><author>Rajashri Patil</author><author>Sahjid Mukhida</author><author>Sriram Kannuri</author><author>Shalini Bhaumik</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/466 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/05/466/AdminPDF/Gandham NR p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/05/25</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Introduction: Enterococci are one of the common organisms isolated from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. Guidelines recommend testing enterococcifor susceptibility to high-level gentamicin (HLG) and streptomycin. The present study was planned to determine the susceptibility of uropathogenic enterococci to high-level gentamicin in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational research was carried out at a tertiary care hospital for two years on all isolated enterococci from urine specimens. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed as per standard methods. All the isolated enterococci were tested for high level gentamicin ((120µg) resistance and susceptibility to other recommended antimicrobial agents by standard methods. Results: A total of 320 uropathogenic enterococci were isolated and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The majority of enterococci were isolated from elderly (34.06%) and admitted patients (69.06%). A total of 68.4% isolated enterococci were HLG resistant. HLG resistant enterococci were highly resistant to erythromycin (96.3%), ciprofloxacin (96.8%) and nalidixic acid (97.7%). Enterococci sensitive to HLG were significantly (p <0.05) less resistant to the other antimicrobial agents except nalidixic acid. Only 20.5% isolated Enterococci were resistant to vancomycin. All isolated enterococci were susceptible to linezolid. Conclusion: The study demonstrated high prevalence of HLG resistant enterococci causing UTI in our hospital setting. Compared to HLG sensitive enterococci, HLG resistant enterococci were more resistant to other antimicrobial agents tested. The findings highlight the need for mandatory testing of enterococci for HLG resistance to determine effective antimicrobials for treatment. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.018 *Correspondence: Dr. Sahjid Mukhida, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: drssmukhida@rediffmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Serum
adiponectin profile in obese Bangladeshi children attending an obesity clinic]]></title>
                    <author>Palash Chandra Sutradhar</author><author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Md. Kabir Hossain</author><author>Marufa Mustari</author><author>M A Hasanat</author><author>Md. Farid Uddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/468 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/06/468/AdminPDF/Sutradhar PC p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/06/14</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Childhood obesity plays major role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Serum adiponectin has been found to be associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. The study investigated the serum adiponectin levels and its relationship with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in Bangladeshi obese children. Material and methods: Overweight or obese children, between 6-18 years of age, attending the obesity clinic of the Department of Endocrinology, BSMMU were enrolled. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured and blood samples were taken for estimation of glucose, insulin, lipid profile and adiponectin. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum insulin and lipid profile were estimated by automated analyzer. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting insulin and fasting plasma glucose values. Serum adiponectin (total) was measured by ELISA method using DRG ELISA kit, Germany. Results:A total of 78 overweight or obese children of 6-18-year of age were enrolled. The mean (±SD) age of the study population was 12.22 ± 2.56 years and the mean BMI was 28.79 ± 4.54 kg/m2. Mean (±SD) serum adiponectin was 36.93 ± 17.85 µg/ml in 78 overweight/obese children. One way ANOVA showed no significant (P= 0.582) difference of adiponectin levels among children with overweight and different grades of obesity. There was no significant correlation between adiponectin and measures of generalized (r=0.035, p=0.763) or central (r=0.098, p=0.392) obesity. Also, no significant correlation was found between serum adiponectin level and any of cardiovascular risk factors of obesity or metabolic health. Conclusion: The study showed high serum adiponectin level in obese Bangladeshi children. Also, no association was found between serum adiponectin levels with grades of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors among obese children of Bangladesh.   IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.019 Correspondence: Palash Chandra Sutradhar, Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Kotwali, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: palashdmc@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge,
attitude and practice regarding breast and cervical cancer among women of
reproductive age residing in a rural area of West Bengal, India]]></title>
                    <author>Kuntala Ray</author><author>Vanlaldiki Chhakchhuak</author><author>Mausumi Basu</author><author>Vineeta Shukla</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/473 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/07/473/AdminPDF/Ray K p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/07/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):011</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Developing screening programmes to lower breast and cervical cancer morbidity and mortality requires a better knowledge of psychological, socioeconomic, and environmental variables that may affect screening behaviours. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breast and cervical cancer among women of reproductive age group in a village in West Bengal, India. Materials and methods: A descriptive type of observational study was conducted in village Muchisa of Budge-Budge II block, West Bengal among 300 women from January to June 2022 using a pre-designed, pre-tested, structured schedule by face-to-face interview method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 using suitable descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 31.6 ± 7.4 years. Out of 300 women, 41.7% and 41.3% had adequate knowledge on breast and cervical cancer respectively. Regarding attitude, 57.3% and 75.3% had highly favourable attitude on breast and cervical cancer respectively. Only 38 (12.7%) had performed breast self-examination at least once whereas only 5.3% had undergone Pap smear test at least once before the survey. Socio-demographic and economic factors of the respondents were significantly (p<0.05) associated with knowledge on breast cancer while none of these factors were found to have statistically significant association with knowledge on cervical cancer. Conclusion: Most of the study population did not have adequate knowledge of breast and cervical cancer, their risk factors and symptoms. Their attitude was positive but practice related to screening was very unsatisfactory. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.021 *Correspondence: Vineeta Shukla, Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India; Email: vineeta1992@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Probiotics in
gastroenteritis in children: A systematic review]]></title>
                    <author>Elizabeth A.K. Jones</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Anamika Bisht</author><author>Precious Patrick Edet</author><author>Faith Iseguede</author><author>Ebele Okoye</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/469 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/469</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/06/469/AdminPDF/Jones EAK p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2023/06/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.2 - July 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Gastroenteritis is the second leading cause of death among children worldwide. It is a preventable and treatable disease, yet it affects 3 to 5 million children and is the cause of approximately 10% of hospitalizations globally. This systematic review aims to identify the effectiveness of probiotics in treating acute gastroenteritis in children globally and also to provide results of quality research to healthcare-related communities about possible therapies of the condition. Methods: This study follows the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews of 29 quantitative studies conducted between 2014-2023. A quality appraisal of the selected studies was conducted using CADIMA and a rating scale of 0 to 3 based on a few predetermined criteria. Results: Sample sizes varied from 29 to 1811, with a median of 200. Globally, there are mixed findings about the roles and benefits of probiotics to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. This is possibly due to the type of probiotic, the type of disease, and treatment adherence. Conclusions: Findings from this systematic review suggest that probiotics play a crucial role in improving children’s health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to promote and implement the use of probiotic therapies in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis conditions in children. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.020 *Correspondence: Amal K. Mitra, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Drive, Room 216 Jackson, MS 39213, USA. E-mail: amal.k.mitra@jsums.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Better
cardioprotection in atrial septal defect patients treated with cardiopulmonary
bypass beating heart technique without the application of aortic cross clamp]]></title>
                    <author>Feroze Mohammad Ganai</author><author>Abdul Majeed Dar</author><author>Ghulam Nabi Lone</author><author>Dil Afroze</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/425 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/425</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/425/AdminPDF/Ganai FM p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/08/28</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Creatine phosphokinase-myocardial band fraction (CPK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are cardiac specific biochemical markers which are raised in myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to determine cardiac injury by comparing the levels of cardiac enzymes CPK-MB and cTnI in atrial septal defect (ASD) patients whose operative repair was done under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using beating heart technique with and without the application of aortic cross clamp. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery in a Tertiary Care Hospital over a period of 2 years. A total of 60 atrial septal defect (ASD) patients were operated and repair of the defect was done under the CPB using beating heart technique. Aortic cross clamp was applied in 22 patients (Group-A) while 38 patients were operated without cross clamp (Group-B) during the procedure. Blood samples were collected 24 hours prior and 12 hours post procedure for the estimation of CPK MB and cTnI levels. Results: Mean age of the atrial septal defect patients was 23.83±10.97 years and 60% and 40% of the patients were females and children (age < 18 years) respectively. Serum CPK-MB and cTnI l levels were in the normal range in all the patients before surgery and increased significantly post procedure. Twelve hours after surgery, the mean CPK-MB and cTnI levels were significantly low in Group-B patients compared to Group-A patients (CPK-MB: 56.39±23.55 U/L vs. 34.38±15.97U/L , p= 0.0004; cTnI: 9.37±4.97 ng/ml vs. 5.92±4.17ng/ml, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Post surgery CPK-MB and cTnI levels were significantly higher in ASD patients who underwent CPB surgery with aortic cross clamp compared to those in whom aortic cross clamp was not applied. Therefore, application of aortic cross clamp during the procedure induces greater levels of ischemic injury to the heart. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.001 *Correspondence: Feroze Mohammad Ganai, Department of CVTS, Superspeciality Hospital, Shireen Bagh, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Email address: ferose999@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Do obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia pose
significant risks for coronary artery disease among Bangladeshi diabetics?]]></title>
                    <author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Fazlul Hoque</author><author>Khandoker Abul Ahsan</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/426 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/426/AdminPDF/Banu A p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/09/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: For decades the global population has been experiencing diabetic epidemic. The risks related to obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery diseases (CAD) are well known. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its related risks in Bangladeshi diabetics. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), a largest referral center for diabetes in Bangladesh. Socio-demographic and clinical history including biochemical investigation report were collected from the BIRDEM registry. The eligible criteria of study participants were: age 30 – 60 year, having DM, non-smoker, free from retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. The prevalence of CAD, systolic hypertension (SHTN) and diastolic hypertension (DHTN) in the registered diabetic patients were estimated. Additionally, the study addressed the risk and predictors of CAD among those with DM. Investigations included – anthropometry, blood pressure, blood glucose, serum lipids and electrocardiogram (ECG). CAD was diagnosed on: (a) history of angina plus positive ECG - either on rest or on stress, post-myocardial infarction (MI) with Q-wave MI or non-Q-MI or echocardiographic evidences. Lipids namely triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-Chol), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were estimated by Hitachi-704 auto-analyzer using enzymatic method. Results: A total of 693 (M /W =295/398) participants volunteered. The prevalence of CAD, SHTN, DHTN and mean arterial hypertension (MAH) were 18.6%, 23.2%, 13.6% and 17.7%, respectively. Their mean (±SD) values of age, body mass index (BMI - kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were 47 (8.6) years, 24.6 (3.5), 0.98(0.05), 0.56(0.06) and 101(11.3) mmHg, respectively. The mean (±SD) of FBG (mmol/L), T-Chol, TG and HDL (mg/dl) were 10.2 ± 4.0, 206 ± 44, 218 ± 86 and 47.5 ± 9.3 respectively. The women had significantly higher BMI (p<0.001), WHtR (p<0.001), SBP (<0.001), MAP (p<0.001), T-Chol (p<0.001) and TG (p=0.043) than men. The risk variables were categorized into quartiles and Chi-sq trend determined whether the increasing prevalence of CAD were significant. Higher quartile of age was found consistently significant (p<0.001). Of the obesity indices, only higher quartile of WHtR was significant (p< 0.05). For BP measures, higher MAP quartiles showed the trend significant (p<0.001). Likewise, for lipids, higher quartiles of TG (p<0.001) and lower quartile of HDL (p<0.001) were significant. Finally, logistic regression estimated the risk related to CAD. The highest age-quintile (>55y: 95% CI: 1.09 - 43.7) and highest TG-quintile (281mg/dl: 95% CI: 1.45-59.7) were proved to be significant predictor of CAD and HDL highest quintile (>54mg/dl) was proved to be significant protecting factor for CAD (95% CI: 0.005-0.583). Conclusion: The study observed the importance of MAP, TG, HDL, T-Chol/HDLR (T-Chol -to HDL ratio) and TG/HDLR (triglycerides-to HDL ratio) as risks for CAD among diabetics. Further study with investigations of echocardiogram, ETT, coronary angiogram and coronary calcium scoring would be helpful in confirming these findings related to CAD risks. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 002.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.002 *Correspondence: M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Histopathologic
and clinical features of diabetic nephropathy alone and with concomitant
nondiabetic renal diseases]]></title>
                    <author>Sk Md Jaynul Islam</author><author>Shamoli Yasmin</author><author>Ishtyiaque Ahmed</author><author>Wasim Md Mohosinul Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/431 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/431/AdminPDF/Islam SMJ p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/09/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and one of the leading causes of end-stage kidney disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histomorphological and clinical profiles of DN and associated non-diabetic renal dieases (NDRD) in diabetic patients. Materials and methods: The study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka, from July 2019 to December 2020. Renal biopsy samples from known diabetic patients were included in the study. The formalin-fixed tissues were stained with haematoxylene & eosin (H&E), Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Masson Trichrome (MT) and Jones Methanamine Silver (JMS) stains. Tissues were stained for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C1q, kappa and lambda for direct immunofluorescence (DIF) study. DN was histologically classified according to Tervaert classification system. Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) as well as arteriolar hyalinization scoring was also done. Clinical information was retrieved from the patient’s information sheet. Results: Total 46 biopsy samples from DN cases were included in the study. The mean age of the cases was 46.76+10.63 years, including 36 males and 10 females. The most common clinical presentation was nephritic range proteinuria (n=32, 69.56%). Among all, 27 (58.69%) patients had haematuria. The mean serum creatinine level was 4.28+2.61 mg/dl, and 80.43% had serum creatinine levels >1.5 mg/dl. Histopathologic examinatiom revealed type III DN in 26 (56.5%) and type IV DN in 11 (23.9%) cases. IFTA score 1 (<25%) was seen in 20 (43.5%), score 2 (25-50%) in 19 (41.3%) and score 3 (>50%) in 7 (15.2%). Vascular hyalinization score-2 in 25 (54.3%), score-1 in 14 (30.4%) and score-0 in 7 (15.2%). DN class II, III and IV were associated with high urinary total protein (UTP) and serum creatinine levels. Among the histologic changes, percentage of glomerular sclerosis, the mean IFTA score and vascular hyalinization score were found to be highest in class IV DN, and all were significantly associated with histologic glomerular DN classes (p= <0.05). Of the total cases, 21 (45.65%) were found with nondiabetic renal diseases (NDRD), the most common feature was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (26.57%), followed by IgA nephropathy and post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN). Among 46 cases, one post-transplant biopsy was included, which revealed class II DN along with features of calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. Conclusion: Tervaert’s histologic classification of our cases revealed class III DN lesions as the predominant one, and the classes had a significant association with age of the patient, serum creatinine level, mean IFTA, arteriolar hyalinization and NDRD. Among the NDRD, FSGS was the most common pathology. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.003 *Correspondence: Sk Md Jaynul Islam, Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  Email: jaynul.islam@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Grade
of liver siderosis in beta-thalassaemia major patients receiving different
amount of blood transfusion]]></title>
                    <author>Souvik Basak</author><author>Kashinath Das</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/432 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/432/AdminPDF/Basak S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/10/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: A progressive accumulation of body iron easily occurs as a result of long-term transfusions in patients with anaemia of genetic disorders such as thalassaemia. Iron deposit in liver biopsy sections was studied in beta-thalassaemia major patients to assess the grade of liver siderosis and to correlate the grade with amount of blood transfused. Materials and methods: Beta-thalassaemia major patients having splenomegaly and selected for splenectomy were enrolled. Liver biopsy was taken from every patient during the splenectomy. Liver tissue was sectioned and stained with Perls’ prussian blue method for the presence of iron deposition. The degree of iron deposition was expressed as grades of siderosis from 0 to 4. Results: A total of 30 beta-thalassemia patients were enrolled in the study. Out of 30 patients, 7 were males (23.3%) and 23 females (76.7%). The mean age of patients was 15.2 ± 1.4 years. The mean serum iron and ferritin levels of the study cases were above the normal range. Blood received by all patients was 51.5 ± 11.6 units (range 31 to 88 units). Out of 30 patients, grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 liver siderosis was present in 1, 3, 9 and 17 patients respectively. Serum ferritin level of patients with grade 4 siderosis was significantly higher (p = 0.03) compared to grade 3 cases. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test revealed significant positive correlation between grades of liver siderosis and amount of blood transfusion received (0.626, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Grade of liver siderosis is associated with increased units of blood transfusion and is a good indicator for transfusional iron overload in beta-thalassaemia major patients. IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.004 *Correspondence: Dr. Souvik Basak, Department of General Surgery, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.  Email: sb009cmc@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Correlation
of serum magnesium with HbA1c in patients with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Ahmed</author><author>Nasima Sultana</author><author>Taslima Akter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/433 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/433/AdminPDF/Ahmed F p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/10/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of death and disability world wide. Magnesium acts as a cofactor in glucose metabolism and its decreased level causes insulin resistance and many complications in diabetic patients. The present study evaluated the correlation of serum magnesium with HbA1c in DM patients. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017. A total number of 100 individuals with and without diabetes mellitus were included in the study. HbA1c was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and estimation of serum magnesium was done by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Results: Out of 100 enrolled participants, 50 were diagnosed patients of DM (Group-A) and 50 were age and sex matched apparently healthy individuals (Group-B). The mean age of Group-A and B individuals was 50.5 ± 6.0 and 50.4 ± 5.1 years respectively. Group-A had significantly (p < 0.001) lower serum magnesium concentration compared to Group-B (1.5 ± 0.6 mg/dl vs 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/dl). Serum magnesium levels showed significant negative correlations with HbA1c (r = -0.511, p < 0.001). Conclusion: DM patients showed significant negative correlation of serum magnesium with HbA1c level. Routine screening for serum magnesium status would be helpful for the better management of diabetic cases. IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.005 *Correspondence: Farzana  Ahmed, Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Shegunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tanvy1108@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Assessment
of anemia among rural children in Kaduna State, Nigeria by determining hemoglobin
and serum ferritin levels]]></title>
                    <author>Andrew Nuhu Yashim</author><author>Dorcas Yetunde Obazee</author><author>Michael Olugbamila Dada</author><author>Azeezat Abimbola Oyewande</author><author>Bolanle Yemisi Alabi</author><author>Ajani Olumide Faith</author><author>Ishata Conteh</author><author>Felix Olaniyi Sanni</author><author>Olaiya Paul Abiodun</author><author>Ochonye Boniface Bartholomew</author><author>Tolu Adaran</author><author>Zachary Terna Gwa</author><author>Olaide Lateef Afelumo</author><author>Innocent Okwose</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/434 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/434/AdminPDF/Yashim AN p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/10/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Children in the developing world are vulnerable to iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) because they grow fast and consume diets low in iron. Thus, this study assessed anemia in children aged 6 - 12 years in rural Nigeria, using hematological indices and serum ferritin as diagnostic tools. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two primary schools in Kumin Masara Kataf village in Kaduna state, Nigeria. School children aged 6 - 12 years were enrolled. Personal information and laboratory data were collected. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentration was estimated to determine anemia and iron status. Data analysis was done using IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, version-25.0. Results: A total of 191 school-age children aged 6 - 12 years were enrolled in the study. The overall serum ferritin was 16.51±5.20 mg/L, but the children aged 6 - 9 years had significantly (p<0.05) higher serum ferritin (17.23±5.57 mg/L), compared to children aged 10-12 years (15.62±4.62). The mean hemoglobin concentration and serum ferritin were significantly (p<0.05) more elevated among males (11.17±2.53g/dl and 19.01±5.06 mg/L, respectively) than females (10.18±2.46 g/dl and 14.03±4.02 mg/L respectively).The overall rate of anemia was 51.3%, while IDA was 70.4% (69/98). Iron deficiency was present in 47.3% (44/93) children. Also, anemia was significantly (p<0.001) more prevalent among females (66.7%), than males (35.8%), and a higher proportion of females (87.5%) than males (26.2%) were iron deficient (p<0.05), but more males (44.1%) had IDA, p<0.05. Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of IDA and ID among rural school children in Nigeria. It is recommended that healthcare providers focus more on preventing IDA right before childhood. IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.006 *Correspondence: Andrew Nuhu Yashim, Haematology and Blood Transfusion Department, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Email:  yashimnuhuandrew@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect
of smoking on vital hemodynamic parameters and lipid profile of young smokers]]></title>
                    <author>Bhupendra Kumar Jain</author><author>Ashwin Songara</author><author>U Maheshwar Chandrakantham</author><author>Jyoti Nagwanshi</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/436 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/436</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/436/AdminPDF/Jain BK p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/11/21</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Tobacco use is associated with cardiovascular, respiratory and peripheral vascular diseases. The short term effects of tobacco smoking on vital hemodynamic parameters and lipid profile of young smoker with increased quantity of smoking is still debatable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on vital hemodynamic parameters and lipid profile of young smokers. Materials and methods: The current study was an observational cross sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 18 months and included smokers and non-smokers. Data on vital hemodynamic parameters like blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SPO2) and lipid profile were collected. Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 80 smokers and 80 non-smokers were enrolled in the study. Blood pressure, heart rate and mean SpO2 were significantly (p<0.001) lower in non-smokers compared to smokers. Breath holding time (BHT) and single breath count (SBC) were higher in non-smokers. Mean values of total cholesterol (T-chol), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in smokers than non-smokers, while high density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly low in smokers. SBP, T -chol and TG significantly (p<0.05) increased as the quantity of smoking increased. Conclusion: Smoking is associated with derangement of vital hemodynamic parameters and lipid profile across the age. Anti-smoking campaign should be organized to discourage both personal smoking and smoking in public places. IMC J Med Sci. 2023. 17(1): 007. DOI : https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.007 *Correspondence: Bhupendra Kumar Jain, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Chhindwara Institute Of Medical Sciences, Jabalpur Medical University, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: drbhupendrakjain@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Fosfomycin
susceptibility among Escherichia coli
causing urinary tract infection in a tertiary care centre in Western
Maharashtra]]></title>
                    <author>Yash Lohariwal</author><author>Nikunja Kumar Das</author><author>Shahzad Mirza</author><author>Nageswari Gandham</author><author>Rajashri Patil</author><author>Sahjid Mukhida</author><author>Heer Shah</author><author>Sameena Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/437 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/437</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/437/AdminPDF/Lohariwal Y p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/12/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice. UTIs caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) AmpC and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) are difficult to treat. Fosfomycin is an old antibiotic that has excellent bactericidal activity against a wide range of bacteria. This study aimed to determine the fosfomycin susceptibility of E. coli causing UTI  in a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra, India. Material and methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Pune, a city of Western Maharashtra, India. Urine samples from UTI cases yielding significant (> 1x 105 cfu/ml) growth of E. coli were included in study. E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to fosfomycin and a panel of antimicrobial agents by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. All the isolates were tested for production of ESBL, AmpC and MBL. Result: A total of 88 E. coli were isolated of which, 47 (53.40%) and 41 (46.59%) were from male and female patients respectively. Of the total E. coli isolates, 58 (65.9%) were from in-patient cases. Multi-drug resistance was found in 69 (78.40%) isolates and remaining 19 (21.6%) were resistant to different antimicrobials tested. All (100%) the MDR and non-MDR isolates were sensitive to fosfomycin. Highest resistance was present against nalidixic acid (93.8%) while resistance was least against nitrofurantoin (15.91%), piperacillin/tazobactam (17.1%) and meropenem (18.18%). Of the total, 35 (50.72%) isolates were both AmpC and ESBL producers while 11 (15.94%) and 8 (11.59%) were only AmpC and ESBL producers respectively. MBL was positive in 15 (21.73%) of E. coli isolates. All those isolates tested sensitive to fosfomycin. Conclusion: The study revealed that fosfomycin had excellent activity against MDR E. coli causing UTI in our area. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.008 *Correspondence: Dr. Sameena Khan, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: sameenak27@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antibody response to receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein following vaccination and natural infection with SARS-CoV-2]]></title>
                    <author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Saika Farook</author><author>Paroma Deb</author><author>Supti Prava Saha</author><author>Farjana Akter</author><author>Md Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/438 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/438</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/438/AdminPDF/Rahman F p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/12/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 develops both after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination. This study was undertaken to determine the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 among population after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Material and methods: The study was carried out on adults aged 18 years and above. Study population consisted of four groups. Group-1 (control): healthy and history of no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, Group-2: had past SARS-CoV-2 infection and no vaccination, Group-3: received two doses of recombinant adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1 (Oxford–AstraZeneca) without past SARS-CoV-2 infection, and Group-4: had past SARS-CoV-2 infection and received 2 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccination. Blood was collected 1 and 7 months after the second dose of vaccination from Group-3 and 4 individuals. Single blood sample was collected from participants of Gr-1 and 2 at the time of enrolment. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 (anti-RBDS1 IgG) was determined in serum by ELISA method. Results: Total 176 participants aged 18 years and above were enrolled. Anti-RBDS1 IgG positivity rates were 51.9%, 66.7%, 96.8% and 100% in individuals of Group-1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Gr-4 had significantly (p < 0.05) mean higher anti-RBDS1 IgG antibody level (120.8 ± 31.9 DU/ml) compared to other groups 1 month after 2nd dose of vaccination. No significant differences in antibody response were found among the individuals of four groups across gender and comorbidities. Seven months after the 2nd dose of vaccines, the antibody concentration declined in 85.3% (112.1 ± 30.4 DU/ml to 75.9 ± 48.7 DU/ml) and 81.5% (127.3 ± 20.4 DU/ml to 92.5 ± 43.6 DU/ml) individuals of Group-3 and Group-4 respectively. Decline of antibody was 40.6% and 34.7% in 7 months, but all remained positive except 1 in Group-3. Fever (34.4%) and headache (24.8%) were the most common adverse effects noted after vaccination. Conclusion: The study revealed that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine induces high concentration of persisting anti-RBDS1 IgG antibody after 2nd dose and previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 acts as immune priming. Therefore, antibody screening test prior to booster dose could be a good option to maximize coverage of vaccination. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.009 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Repeated
episodes of seizures in an infant following accidental administration of
tramadol suppository: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Israt Zahan Ima</author><author>Md Abdul Baki</author><author>Jebun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/444 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/12/444/AdminPDF/Ima IZ p01-03.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/12/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.17 No.1 - January 2023</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Tramadol has become a popular analgesic in last few years. Number of studies has reported tramadol poisoning in children. Here, we report a case of tramadol poisoning in a one and half month old infant who presented with repeated seizures and apnea following accidental administration of tramadol suppository. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(1): 010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.010 *Correspondence: Israt Zahan Ima, Department of Pediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh.   Email: imaisratzahan@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Role
of breakfast skipping, depression, and other risk factors for obesity: The
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System]]></title>
                    <author>Azad R. Bhuiyan</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Marinelle Payton</author><author>Paul B. Tchounwou</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/408 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/03/408/AdminPDF/Bhuiyan AR p01-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/02/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Obesity among adolescents is a significant public health concern in the United States. The prevalence of obesity has increased from 13.0% in 2011 to 15.5% in 2019. The association between breakfast skipping and obesity is still controversial, and a mediator role of depression in this association is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent association between breakfast skipping and obesity and to investigate the mediator role of depressive symptomology between breakfast skipping and obesity prevalence. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were extracted from the CDC&#39;s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for 9th to 12th graders from 2011 through 2020. SAS version 9.4 was used to analyze the data using proc survey frequency and proc survey logistic regression models. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The Sobel test also was performed to test the mediator role of self-reported depression. Results: Of the 56,320 adolescents, 13.7% did not eat breakfast, 14.1% were obese, and 15.1% had depressive symptomology. Breakfast non-eaters was associated with a 24% increased odds of obesity (aOR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.36) after adjusting for race/ethnicity, gender, grade level, and behavioral risk factors. A mediator role of self-reported depression was noted using the regression model and Sobel test (z = 3.90, S.E. = 0.02, p< 0.0001) between breakfast skipping and obesity. Conclusions: Breakfast skipping was independently associated with obesity. Self-reported depression was identified as a mediator factor. Therefore, the mental health condition also needs to be addressed in the prevention of obesity among adolescents. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.11 *Correspondence: Azad R. Bhuiyan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA. Email:  azad.r.bhuiyan@jsums.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A retrospective
analysis of the skull base fractures: demographic characteristics, causes and imaging
findings]]></title>
                    <author>Hüseyin Kafadar</author><author>Safiye Kafadar</author><author>ŞeyhoCem Yücetaş</author><author>Hakan Kaya</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/411 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/411</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/03/411/AdminPDF/Kafadar H p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/03/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Skull base fractures have high mortality and morbidity rates and constitute a significant medical issue. The aim of the present study was to review the demographic characteristics, common locations and causes of the skull base fractures retrospectively. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on patients who attended the Intensive Care Unit/Radiology Clinic of Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital between 2015 and 2018 and were found to have skull base fractures. The data were accessed via PACS system of the hospital database. Age, gender, cause of the trauma, type of the skull base fracture, imaging findings and outcome of the enrolled patients were analyzed. Results: Total 138 cases who met the study criteria were enrolled in the study. The causes of the skull base fracture were as follows: fall 52.2%, traffic accident 36.2%, pounding 3.6%, firearm injury 0.7%, sharp object injury 0.7%, and other causes 6.5%. There was a statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in rate of skull base fracture caused by traffic accident between the ≤18-year group and 19-45 age group. The difference between the types of epidural hematoma was not significant in all age groups (p= 0.156); however, there was a statistically significant difference for gender (female vs. male 26.1%73.9%, p=0.025). Conclusion: Skull base fractures were more common in fall from height and traffic accidents. In order to reduce skull base fractures, it is recommended to take preventive precautions for falls from height and traffic accidents. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 002. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.012 *Correspondence: Safiye Kafadar, Department of Radiology, Adiyaman University Education and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey. Email: safiyekafadar@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-4070-9615]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Asymptomatic
Helicobacter pylori infection among
rural children and adolescents in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Farjana Akter</author><author>Rehana Khatun</author><author>Shahida Akter</author><author>Supti Prava Saha</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Mohammad Abu Sayeed</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/415 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/415/AdminPDF/Mazumder S p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/05/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The Helicobacter pylori infection rate varies according to the age, location of the residence and socioeconomic status. The aim of the present study was to investigate the status of H. pylori infection among the asymptomatic Bangladeshi rural children and adolescents. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural area under Pabna district about 150 km north-west of capital Dhaka. Asymptomatic and apparently healthy rural children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were enrolled in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to record the socio-demographic and clinical information. The rate of H. pylori infection was determined by the presence of H. pylori antigen in faeces and/or anti-H. pylori IgG and/or IgA antibodies in blood. H. pylori stool antigen was detected by lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay and serum anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA antibodies were estimated by ELISA method. Results: A total number of 185 asymptomatic and apparently healthy children and adolescents were enrolled of which 34, 131 and 20 were in 6-10, 11-15 and 16-18 years age groups respectively. The overall H. pylori infection rate was 79.5% (95% CI: 0.729, 0.85) by positive stool antigen or by the presence of serum anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA antibodies. The rate of H. pylori infection significantly (p=0.05) increased with progress of age. H. pylori infection rate was 67.6%, 80.2% and 95% in 6-10, 11-15 and 16-18 years age groups respectively. The concentration of serum anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA antibodies did not differ across the age groups. The infection rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher among the children of illiterate parents compared to the children of literate parents. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among children and adolescents in a rural setting. Gender and family history did not affect H. pylori prevalence but increasing age and poor educational status of parents were associated with a higher H. pylori prevalence. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.017 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Serum ferritin level in type 2 diabetic patients with renal dysfunction]]></title>
                    <author>Prashanth Kumar Goudappala</author><author>Jasneet Kaur Sandhu</author><author>Vinay Kumar Krishnaiah</author><author>Siva Prasad Palem</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/416 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/416</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/416/AdminPDF/Goudappala PK p01-04.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/06/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Delay in identification and management of nephropathy in T2DM may cause development of ESRD. An increased level of serum ferritin plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in T2DM. Hence, the present study intended to assess the level of serum ferritin in renal dysfunction in patients with T2DM. Material and methods: This was a retrospective study with 81 T2DM patients with and without nephropathy. They were categorized into two groups. Group-1 consisted of 46 T2DM cases without nephropathy and remaining 35 with nephropathy.The clinical and biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, urea, creatinine, iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and haemoglobin were measured by standard methods, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by MDRD formula. Results: Significantly (p<0.05) elevated level of serum ferritin along with urea and creatinine was found in patients with T2DM with nephropathy.A significant positive correlation (r = 0.37) of serum ferritin and negative correlation (r = - 0.852) of eGFR with creatinine were found. It indicated that ferritin could be a good marker to monitor kidney function in T2DM. Conclusion: Apart from eGFR and serum creatinine, raised serum ferritin level was a good indicator of renal dysfunction in T2DM patients and might play an important role in renal dysfunction in early stage diabetic nephropathy. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.018 *Correspondence: Dr. Siva Prasad Palem., M.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar-505001, Telangana, India. Affiliated with Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences (KNRUHS), Warangal, Telangana, India. E-mail: sp.biocom@yahoo.co.in.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Anti-ulcer
effects of natural honey against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Faizul Ahasan</author><author>Md. Ismail Khan</author><author>Eliza Omar Eva</author><author>Rukhsana Quadir</author><author>Masuma Khanom</author><author>Syful Islam</author><author>Shumona Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/423 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/423</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/423/AdminPDF/Ahasan MF p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/06/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Drug such as proton pump inhibitors or cytoprotective agents used to treat PUD have several adverse effects. Therefore, interest in alternative therapies like honey has increased due to fewer side effects, ease of accessibility and affordability. This study determined the anti-ulcer effect of natural honey against indomethacin induced ulcer in rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on albino rats. Rats were assigned to four groups (Group1 to 4) and each group consisted of six rats. Gr1 received indomethacin (60 mg/kg) only and Gr2, 3 and 4 were pre-treated with assigned doses of sucralfate, honey, and honey + sucralfate respectively for 7 days. The effects of experimental agents were assessed by ulcer score, ulcer index (UI), percentage protective ratio (PPR). Effect of honey, sucralfate and honey plus sucralfate mixture was compared against high dose indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats. Results: UI significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in sucralfate, (0.67 ± 0.82), honey (0.83 ± 0.98) and honey + sucralfate (0.17 ± 0.41) treated group compared to only indomethacin treated group (4 ± 0.63).The PPR of sucralfate, honey and honey + sucralfate was 83.25%, 79.25% and 95.75%, respectively. Conclusions: The study showed that honey had anti-ulcer properties against the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers and the effect is potentiated when used with sucralfate. Honey may be used to protect the gastric mucosa against NSAIDs. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.019 *Correspondence: Md. Faizul Ahasan, Department of Pharmacology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: arronnoo_shuvro@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of rotavirus infection among children under five years at a
tertiary institution in Nigeria]]></title>
                    <author>Felix Olaniyi Sanni</author><author>Ochonye Boniface Bartholomew</author><author>Ishata Conteh</author><author>Zachary Gwa</author><author>Azeezat Abimbola Oyewande</author><author>Olumide Faith Ajani</author><author>Michael Olugbamila Dada</author><author>Paul Olaiya Abiodun</author><author>Andrew Nuhu Yashim</author><author>Michael Olabode Tomori</author><author>Olaide Lateef Afelumo</author><author>Innocent Okwose</author><author>Ahmed Mamuda Bello</author><author>Abimbola Oluseyi Ariyo</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/424 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/09/424/AdminPDF/Sanni FO p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/08/27</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>J Med Sci. 2022; 16(2): 010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Rotavirus is a significant cause of nonbacterial diarrhea, especially in infants and young children worldwide. This study evaluated the pattern of rotavirus infection in children under five years presenting with acute diarrhea in Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study to describe the prevalence of rotavirus infection among children. The study enrolled children 1 to 59 months old with acute diarrhea attending General Paediatric Outpatient clinic and hospitalized in the Emergency Paediatric Unit of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital (UATH), Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Rotavirus antigen was detected in the stool by qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Results: The study comprised of 414 diarrhoeal children aged 1–59 months, of which 226 (54.6%) were male and the mean age was 12.1 months. The overall rate of rotavirus infection was 43.0% (178/ 414). The rotavirus infection was slightly higher among females than in males (46.8% vs 39.8%; p=0.153). Children from upper and middle social classes were at 1.95 [CI=1.17–3.26] and 3.08[CI=1.77–5.34] times higher risks of rotavirus induced diarrhea than the children from the lower social class (p<0.005). Children whose mothers had post-secondary education were three times more at risk of rotavirus diarrhea [OR=3.70; CI=1.46–9.36] than those with primary or no formal education (p<0.05). Children who had never been vaccinated against rotavirus were four times more likely to suffer rotavirus infection than those who had been vaccinated [OR=3.96; 95%CI=1.13–13.89, p=0.032]. Conclusion: This study found that rotavirus was an important causative agent of diarrhea in children in Gwagwalada, Abuja. Due to low rotavirus vaccination status in children, rotavirus screening tests are necessary for children with acute diarrheal disease. J Med Sci. 2022; 16(2): 010.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.020 *Correspondence: Felix Olaniyi Sanni, Department of Public Health, Fescosof Data Solutions, Ogun, Nigeria. Email: fescosofanalysis@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Localization and management of mediastinal
parathyroid adenoma – a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Nusrat Sultana</author><author>Amrit Rijal</author><author>Hurjahan Banu</author><author>Sharmin Jahan</author><author>M Fariduddin</author><author>Bishnu Pada Dey</author><author>MA Hasanat</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/412 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/412</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/412/AdminPDF/Sultana N p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/04/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Ectopic parathyroid adenoma sometimes poses diagnostic challenge and can be a cause of persistent and recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. Anterior mediastinum is one of the locations for ectopic parathyroid adenoma. Surgical excision is the only cure and for successful surgery, pre-operative localization is crucial. Chance of failed surgery is being increased without prior localization of the ectopic gland. The combination of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) has got high sensitivity for accurate localization of ectopic parathyroid. On the other hand, with accurate localization surgical outcome is excellent. Here we report, successful localization and management of a case of primary hyperparathyroidism due to adenoma in anterior mediastinum in 47-year-old man. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.013 *Correspondence: Dr. Nusrat Sultana, Room no-1620, Block-D, 15th floor, Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: nusrat_sultana@bsmmu.edu.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A
case of Sjogren’s syndrome presenting with recurrent hypokalemia]]></title>
                    <author>Shapur Ikhtaire</author><author>Nishat Nayla Aurpa</author><author>Nuzaira Nahid</author><author>Syeda Kimia Shahdaty</author><author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Khaled Mahbub Murshed</author><author>Mohammad Ferdous Ur Rahaman</author><author>Md. Abul Kalam Azad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/413 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/413/AdminPDF/Ikhtaire S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[We report a case of a 26-year old lady who presented with a history of several episodes of limb weakness requiring repeated hospitalization over the last 12 years and about 6 years back, she also developed features of sicca complex. Further investigations revealed hypokalemia, distal renal tubular acidosis and bilateral extensive nephrocalcinosis. Finally, a diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome was made. Hypokalemia may be the presenting feature of Sjogren’s syndrome. Sjogren’s syndrome may be suspected in patients with recurrent hypokalemia and renal tubular acidosis. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.014 *Correspondence: Shapur Ikhtaire, Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: shapur17@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A case of severe subglottic stenosis masking as bronchial asthma]]></title>
                    <author>Bhupendra Kumar Jain</author><author>Umamaheswar Chandrakantham</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/414 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/414/AdminPDF/Jain BK p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Tracheal stenosis is an uncommon and dangerous complication after intubation and tracheostomy and its clinical presentation may be misinterpreted as bronchial asthma. A careful vigilant clinical history and examination is required for the diagnosis of such tracheal stenosis. Here, we describe a case of post intubation subglottic tracheal stenosis in a young male who presented with features mimicking bronchial asthma. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.015 *Correspondence: Bhupendra Kumar Jain, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences,  Chhindwara,  Jabalpur Medical University, Madhya Pradesh , India; ORCID : 0000-0002-6619- 8596;Email: drbhupendrakjain@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Management strategy for control and prevention of
SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospital settings - a brief review]]></title>
                    <author>Ishrat Binte Aftab</author><author>Akash Ahmed</author><author>Sinthia Kabir Mumu</author><author>M Mahboob Hossain</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/410 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/410/AdminPDF/Aftab IB p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/03/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.2 - July 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The current pandemic of COVID-19 has spread worldwide rapidly. Many countries are struggling with the third pandemic wave despite having the vaccine distribution to frontline workers and people at high risk. Several studies have suggested a high possibility of hospital-acquired COVID-19. Therefore, it is vital to have proper recommendations and guidelines to prevent COVID-19 transmission in hospitals. Eliminating hospital-acquired infection is impossible, but reducing the rate and severity is possible by following appropriate guidelines. This paper reviews the strategies and recommendations that can be helpful for a hospital authority to control and prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection among the patients and healthcare workers. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.016 *Correspondence: Akash Ahmed, Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: akash.ahmed@bracu.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[The diagnostic value of
neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in determining the severity of COVID-19]]></title>
                    <author>Mehmet Ozdin</author><author>Hakan Kaya</author><author>Umut Gulacti</author><author>Uğur Lok</author><author>Hüseyin Kafadar</author><author>Cem Yucetas</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/390 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/390</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/03/390/AdminPDF/Ozdin M p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/09/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: Changes in hematological parameters play a role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the significance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and hematologic parameters in determining the severity of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in two pandemic hospitals between 01, April, and 01, July 2020. Using the COVID-19 diagnostic criteria of the world health organization (WHO), the patients were divided into two groups as severe and non-severe. Demographic and clinical characteristics, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and NLR of all patients were examined at the first admission. Multivariate analyzes were performed to determine the independent predictive data and ROC analysis to test the diagnostic accuracy of the hematological parameters. Results: Of the 381 patients included in the study, 42 (11%) had severe COVID-19 infection. While the mean NLR was 7.61±7.48 in patients with severe COVID-19, the mean NLR of non-severe patients was 2.97±2.37 (95% CI: 2.294 to 6.984, p<0.001). Long duration of hospital stay, elevated NLR ratio, female gender were predictive variables of severe COVID-19 cases (OR =0.833, 95% CI: 0.744 to 0.934, p=0.002; OR=0.195, 95% CI: 0.057 to 0.6731, p=0.010; OR=0.664, 95% CI: 0.501 to 0.881, p=0.005, respectively). In ROC analysis, NLR ratio had 2.625 optimum cut-off value, 60% specificity (95% CI: 54.7 to 65.4), 86% sensitivity (95% CI: 71.5 to 94.6), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 4.2 (95% CI: 2.0 to 8.9) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.6) for severe COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that there might be a relationship between elevated NLR and severity in COVID-19 cases. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.001 *Correspondence: Dr. Umut Gulacti, Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine, Adiyaman, Turkey. E-mail: umutgulacti@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and incidence of micro- and
macro-vascular complications in a diabetic population of Bangladesh: a
retrospective cohort study]]></title>
                    <author>M Abu Sayeed</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/391 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/391/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p01-14.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/09/28</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in South Asian Region including Bangladesh. Increasing prevalence of DM is likely to cause higher morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence and incidence of diabetic complications in a Bangladeshi diabetic cohort attending BIRDEM, a largest referral center in Bangladesh for endocrine and metabolic diseases. Methodology: The study was conducted in BIRDEM-OPD (outpatient department) from 1 January to 31 December of 1995 and analyzed the data of diabetic cases preserved in BIRDEM registry since 1956. Up to 31 December 1985, the REFERENCE NUMBER (Ref No) of last case was ‘49,510’. Therefore, this retrospective cohort comprised of all those patients having Ref No 49,510 or less and attending BIRDEM-OPD for follow-up. In the year 1995, the cohort had follow-up for at least ten years. The duration of follow-up was 39 years (1956 to 1995).  The study also retrieved follow-up data from the guidebook of each registered diabetic patient. All data regarding clinical, anthropometric and biochemical investigations preserved in BIRDEM registry and in the patient&#39;s guidebook were retrieved and analyzed. The cohort was categorized into three groups (Gr1, 2 and 3) based on follow-up duration: >15, 10-15 and <10years, respectively. Results: Micro-vascular complications (retinopathy and nephropathy) were the highest among both Gr1 with follow-up >15y and Gr2 with follow-up 10-15y. Compared with the Gr2, retinopathy (34.4 vs. 48.5 %: c2 =11.5, p <0.001) and nephropathy (24.0 vs. 39.2 %: c2 = 15.6, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the Gr1. In contrast, HTN, skin-lesion and periodontal diseases were significantly higher in the Gr2 than in Gr1. All types of complications were found increasing with the duration of follow-up. For Gr1, the increasing trend of cerebrovascular accident (CVD/ stroke) and CHD was significant (p<0.01 and p<0.001). Mean blood glucose of study population revealed moderate to severe hyperglycemia in successive follow-up visits. The comparison between patients with and without severe hyperglycemia (2hPG: <10.0 vs. ³10.0 mmol/l) showed very little difference of complications. The increasing age over 40 years showed significant risk for CHD and hypertension. Conclusion: CHD, stroke and PVD were less frequent compared to those with retinopathy and nephropathy. Compared to microvascular complications the macrovascular events resulted in either early death or complete disability to pursue long-term follow-up. The most important and consistent predictors were female gender and duration of diabetes.  IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.002 *Correspondence: M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd; sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Role of tranexamic acid
in reducing perioperative blood loss in transthoracic esophagectomy]]></title>
                    <author>Farooq Ahmad Ganie</author><author>Syed Mohsin Manzoor</author><author>Masarat-ul Gani</author><author>Mohd Yaqoob Khan</author><author>G N lone</author><author>Mudasir Hamid Bhat</author><author>Iqra Nazir Naqash</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/392 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/392/AdminPDF/Ganie FA p01-04.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/10/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Transthoracic esophagectomy is usually associated with significant perioperative bleeding and blood loss. The present study investigated the role of prophylactic tranexamic acid on intra- and postoperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in transthoracic esophagectomy (Ivor Lewis esophagectomy). Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent laparotomy and right thoracotomy with intrathoracic anastomosis for esophageal malignancy were enrolled in the study. The enrolled cases were divided into two groups namely Group A and B. Informed consents were obtained from all the enrolled patients. Group A patients received a standard dose of 1 gram of intravenous tranexamic acid one hour before the beginning of surgery while Group B patients did not receive any tranexamic acid before or after the surgery. Peroperative blood loss was estimated and noted. Post-operative blood loss was assessed from the surgical drains. Results: A total of 55 cases were included in the study. Group A and B had 27 and 28 cases respectively. The mean age of the Group A and Group B patients was 60.1 ± 6.2 and 60 ± 6.9 years respectively. Out of 27 cases in Group A, 7 (25%) patients had a postoperative haemorrhage (blood loss) up to 300 ml and among the remaining 20, only 2 (7%) patients required blood transfusion as hematocrit fell below 20%. Compared to Group A, patients in Group B who did not receive preoperative tranexamic acid, 21(75%) patients had postoperative haemorrhage up to 300 ml (Group A vs. Group B: p=0.0002). Regarding intraoperative blood loss no significant (p >0.05) difference was observed among the cases in two groups. Conclusion: The study revealed that administration of prophylactic tranexamic acid resulted into fewer postoperative blood loss in transthoracic esophagectomy. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.003 *Correspondence: Farooq Ahmad Ganie, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar -190011, J & K, India. E-mail: farooq.ganie@yamil.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of
bacterial isolates from routine clinical specimens of a tertiary hospital in
Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Anwar Hossain</author><author>M. Mahboob Hossain</author><author>Nilufar Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/400 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/400/AdminPDF/Hossain MA p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/11/14</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: To prevent the emergence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance, especially multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria, the selection of appropriate antibiotics is a prerequisite for the effective treatment of infection.This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This study was conducted at a teaching hospital of Dhaka city, Bangladesh from January 2020 to March 2021. The results of culture and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from various clinical samples were collected and analysed. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed according to the standard methods. Results: A total of 1277 bacterial isolates was analyzed. Of them, 1072 (83.95%) were Gram-negative, and 205 (16.05%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Among the isolates, Escherichia coli (n=576), Enterobacter spp. (n=150), Klebsiella spp. (n=140), and Staphylococcus aureus (n=117) were predominant.The Enterobacteriaceae showed higher resistance to cephradine (94.3%) and cefuroxime (76.7%), whereas least resistant to imipenem (10.1%) and meropenem (14.8%). Pseudomonas spp. was highly resistant to ceftriaxone (80.2%), and colistin (70.8%), whereas least resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam (15.1%). Colistin was the most effective agent (resistance 6.7%) against Acinetobacter spp. Linezolid (resistance 1%) and vancomycin (resistance 2%) were highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. Among the Staphylococcus aureus, 95.7% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). A total of 889 (69.6%) bacterial isolates were identified as multidrug resistant. Multidrug resistance was more prevalent in Gram-positive isolates (79.5%) than that of Gram-negative bacteria (67.7%). Furthermore, 7.5% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to all seven classes of antibiotics tested. Conclusions: This study revealed presence of high rate of resistance to several antimicrobial agents in bacteria isolated from various clinical samples.The findings would help healthcare professionals to select appropriate antibiotics for the effective treatment of infections and to develop antibiotic stewardship protocol. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.004 *Correspondence: M. Mahboob Hossain, Microbiology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MNS), BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212. E-mail: mmhossain@bracu.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Use of infrared thermal camera in acute
scrotal pain: a prospective study]]></title>
                    <author>Erdal Yavuz</author><author>Hakan Kürümlüoğlu</author><author>Suat Zengin</author><author>Şevki Hakan Eren</author><author>Esat Karaduman</author><author>Cuma Önder Yeşildağ</author><author>Behçet Al</author><author>Cuma Yıldırım</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/402 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/402/AdminPDF/Yavuz E p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/11/25</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Infrared thermal (IR) camera is used to assess various clinical conditions such as diabetic foot, carotid artery stenosis, and superficial infection. The present study was designed to determine the usefulness of IR thermal camera in scrotal temperature measurement before color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) in patients admitted to the emergency department with acute scrotal pain. Method: This study was prospectively conducted on 49 patients with acute scrotal pain and 30 control participants. The findings of CDUS and scrotal temperature measurements by an IR camera were separately evaluated by different physicians. In all patients, temperature measurements with IR camera were made under the same environmental conditions. Results: Of the 49 patients included in the study, four were diagnosed with torsion, 12 with epididymitis, 4 with orchitis, 3 with epididymo-orchitis, and 2 with varicocele. A significant difference was observed between the scrotal temperature of the patients with scrotal pain and the mean testicular temperature of the control group based on the IR camera measurement (p<0.05). IR camera did not detect any difference between the two testicles of the same person in the patient group (p=0.615). Although the lowest temperature was in testicular torsion, the patients’ scrotal temperature did not significantly differ according to their diagnoses (p=0.087). Conclusion: Testicular temperature measured by IR device was lower in patients presenting with scrotal pain compared to normal individuals. Although not statistically significant, the lowest temperature was found in cases of testicular torsion. IR camera may be useful in triage when used in conjunction with physical examination in patients presenting with acute scrotal pain. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.005 *Correspondence: Erdal Yavuz, Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey. Email: erdal_yavuz15@hotmail.com, Orcid: 0000-0002-3168-6469]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparison of clinicopathological and preoperative
computed tomography findings of sinonasal masses]]></title>
                    <author>Namrata Sasidharan</author><author>Abdunnasar Moodem Pilakkal</author><author>Santhi Thankappan Pillai</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/403 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/403</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/403/AdminPDF/Sasidharan N p01-06.doc</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/12/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Computerized tomography (CT) scan with contrast can delineate soft tissue pathologies and is now the first choice in diagnosing sinonasal malignancy and inflammatory lesions. The present study compared the diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE) and CT scan to diagnose cases presented with sinonasal mass. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study conducted on patients with sinonasal masses attending at Government TD Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala from 1/1/2014 to 30/6/2015. Each patient was examined by diagnostic nasal endoscopy and had undergone preoperative CT scan. Histopathological examination of the specimens was carried out and compared with the findings of DNE and CT scan. Results: A total of 72 cases were enrolled in the study. Age group was from 13-85 years with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Nasal obstruction was the commonest symptom. Among the 72 cases, 59 belonged to the non-neoplastic group and 13 to the neoplastic group. Sinonasal polyps (65.3%) formed the majority of the non-neoplastic lesions. Vascular lesions (6.9%) were the commonest benign neoplastic mass and malignancy was seen in 6.9% of cases. Diagnosis by DNE and CT scan was same except in 3 cases. Histopathology and radiological scan result correlated well except in 3 cases. Conclusion: Histopathology still remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of sinonasal masses. Clinical, CT scan and histopathology diagnoses were complementary with each other. However, CT scan is indispensible in studying the anatomical variants and providing the route map prior to and during endoscopic sinus surgeries. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.006 *Correspondence: Santhi Thankappan Pillai, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Government TD Medical College, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala 688005, India. Email: sttpillai@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparison
of paracetamol and hyoscine-N-butylbromide in the treatment of abdominal pain
and cramps due to acute gastroenteritis]]></title>
                    <author>Hasan Sultanoğlu</author><author>Yılmaz Safi</author><author>Mustafa Enes Demirel</author><author>Mehmet Cihat Demir</author><author>Hasan Baki Altinsoy</author><author>Mustafa Boğan</author><author>Hasan Gümüşboğa</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/404 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/404</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/404/AdminPDF/Sultanoğlu H p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/12/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (HBB) and paracetamol (acetaminophen)are widely used in emergency departments for abdominal pain and cramps. However, there is not enough data on the efficacy, safety, and superiority of each other in treating acute gastroenteritis (AGE) related abdominal pain and cramps. In this study HBB and paracetamol were compared for the treatment of abdominal pain and cramps related to acute gastroenteritis. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital emergency department as a prospective, randomized-controlled, and double-blind study. Intravenous (IV) 1000 mg paracetamol and IV 20 mg hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (HBB) were used to treat abdominal pain and cramps related to AGE. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the degree of abdominal pain before and after treatment. Results: HBB and paracetamol groups consisted of 123 and 158 cases respectively. In both groups, it was observed that the VAS score gradually decreased from the 0th hour to the 1st and 2nd hours (p<0.001).When comparing each time within itself, it was observed that HBB and paracetamol measurements had similar values (p>0.05). No severe side effects were observed in any of the patients. Conclusion: HBB and paracetamol were used for symptomatic treatment in AGE patients presenting with abdominal pain and cramps. A significant reduction in pain and cramps was achieved in both patient groups. There was no difference between the two drugs in terms of treatment efficacy and side effects. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.007 *Correspondence: Hasan Gümüşboğa, Department of Emergency, Şehitkamil State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey, Posta code: 27500; Email: profhasan@hotmail.com; ORCID:0000-0003-2097-7102.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Preferences and perceptions
of teaching and learning methods of preclinical medical students]]></title>
                    <author>Rashmi Chandel</author><author>Garima Shivhare</author><author>Archana Goel</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/407 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/407</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/407/AdminPDF/Chandel R p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2022/01/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Teaching methods used in medical education should be evaluated from time to time to improve the quality of future doctors. So, this study was conducted to know the preclinical student’s preferences and perception about the current teaching and learning process. Methods: The present study was conducted at Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad among 150 students of second year MBBS course. A predesigned and prevalidated questionnaire was used to assess students’ preferences and perception of teaching, learning and assessment methods. Students’ opinion about the quality of a good teacher was also sought. Results: Out of 150 students, 54% and 62% chose lecture and chalk and board combined with power point presentation (PPT) respectively as the most preferred teaching method and aid. About half (53%) of the students chose written assessments as the most preferred assessment method. Very few students (6%) expressed that ability to generate curiosity in students as a quality of a good teacher. Conclusion: The present study suggested that lectures by chalk and board supported by PPT and written assessment were the most preferred teaching learning and assessment methods. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.008 *Correspondence: Rashmi Chandel, Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad, India. Email: unique_ras@rediffmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Unilesional mycosis fungoides: a case
report and review of literature]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Selimul Haque</author><author>Shakibul Alam</author><author>Humayun Kabir</author><author>Al-Amin Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/401 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/401</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/401/AdminPDF/Haque WS p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/11/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the commonest primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Classically MF is presented clinically as multilesional disease but occurrence of solitary lesion, though quite rare, is on the record. This rare variant of MF is clinically and histopathologically indistinguishable from classic MF. Due to the rarity of the presentation the clinician may miss the diagnosis and the pathologist may also be in diagnostic dilemma specially if not clinically oriented. Here we describe a case of unilesional/solitary MF (UMF) in a 59 years old male who was initially clinically diagnosed as inflammatory dermatosis and was treated accordingly without any appreciable clinical response for over 4 years. Unresponsiveness to empirical treatment led to biopsy which finally proved it to be UMF. The clinical, light microscopic and immunohistochemical features of UMF are briefly reviewed to create awareness among the clinicians and pathologists about this rare variant of MF. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.009 *Correspondence: Wasim Selimul Haque, Head, Department of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Jaber Al-Ahmed Armed Forces Hospital, Kuwait Armed, Forces, Subhan Cantonment, Kuwait. Email: audrirodelawasim@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Molecular
pathogenesis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a brief review]]></title>
                    <author>Peter Uteh Upla</author><author>Bashiru Sani</author><author>Naja’atu Shehu Hadi</author><author>Fatima Yusuf Al-Mustapha</author><author>Kabiru Shuaibu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/396 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/396</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/396/AdminPDF/Upla PU p01-06.docx</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/10/27</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.16 No.1 - January 2022</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia, a diverse group of small Gram-negative rod-shaped α-proteobacteria, and obligates intracellular pathogens, which are free-living in hosts&#39; cell cytoplasm and are transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors. It is the most acute rickettsial diseases known to human, with significant death rates of over 20–30%. They are distinguished by a strictly intracellular position which has, for long, delayed their comprehensive study. This article attempts primarily to focus on the mechanisms of Rickettsia-host cell interactions and the underlying molecular pathogenesis of RMSF. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(1): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.010 *Correspondence: Bashiru Sani, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Email: bashmodulus@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effects of metformin on polycystic ovary
syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study]]></title>
                    <author>Nazma-Akhtar</author><author>Hurjahan-Banu</author><author>Md. Shahed-Morshed</author><author>Tania-Sultana</author><author>Afroza-Begum</author><author>MA Hasanat</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/382 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/382</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/382/AdminPDF/Akhtar N p01-13.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/07/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Metformin improves manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by reducing insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to determine how metformin, in combination with lifestyle changes, affects the clinical manifestations of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Patients with PCOS attending the outpatient of a tertiary care hospital were enrolled in the study. Revised Rotterdam Consensus 2003 criteria were used to diagnose cases of PCOS. Clinical information, anthropometric measurement, serum progesterone and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) of each subject were recorded in a prescribed data sheet at baseline and after a period of nine months. Randomized placebo controlled double blind design was used to assign participants in respective groups. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 9 month course of either metformin (1500 mg/day) or placebo. Both groups were advised regarding schedule of lifestyle modification. Outcome variables were clinical manifestations related to metabolic, reproductive and androgenic status of PCOS. Results: Out of 80 enrolled PCOS cases, 49 completed the study (metformin=26, placebo=23). The mean age of the study participants of metformin and placebo groups was 23.52±5.18 and 22.09±3.58 years respectively (p=0.262). Menstrual cycle significantly improved in both the study groups (before vs. after - metformin: 19.2% vs. 76.9%, p=0.003; placebo: 19.2% vs. 47.8%, p=0.02) after 9 months, but compared to placebo group no such significant (p=0.12) improvement occurred in metformin group. Severity of hirsutism, presence of acne, serum progesterone level and ovulatory status improved significantly in both groups after completion of the study. Except acanthosis nigricans, other metabolic manifestations did not significantly improve in metformin compared to placebo group after the intervention. While comparing the percentage changes, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) reduced significantly in metformin than placebo group (BMI in kg/m2- metformin vs. placebo: -3.63±8.22 vs. +1.42±6.67, p= 0.024; WC in cm - 2.81±7.74 vs. +1.68±7.89, p= 0.05). No significant adverse event was observed in metformin group. Conclusion: Metformin, in conjunction with lifestyle modifications, has favorable impacts on clinical manifestations of PCOS. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55808 *Correspondence: Nazma-Akhtar, Shahid Tajuddin Ahmad Medical College, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Email: nazma.akhtar@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparison of the outcome of transverse and
circumferential capitonnage in surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatid cyst - a
single centre study]]></title>
                    <author>Farooq Ahmad Ganie</author><author>Masarat-ul Gani</author><author>Khan M Yaqoob</author><author>Syed Mohsin Manzoor</author><author>G N Lone</author><author>Abdual Majeed Dar</author><author>Mohd Akbar Bhat</author><author>Mudasir Hamid Bhat</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/383 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/383</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/383/AdminPDF/Ganie FA p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/07/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The enucleation of the pulmonary hydatid cyst is followed by individual closure of bronchial air leaks and obliteration of the residual pericystic cavity by capitonnage, either by circumferential or interrupted transverse suture. The objective of the study was to compare the surgical outcome of transverse and circumferential capitonnage in terms of postoperative recovery course, residual cavitations, air leaks, cavitatory or pleural collections and the recurrence of primary disease after enucleation of the pulmonary hydatid cyst. Methods: Patients with pulmonary hydatid cyst were included in the study and divided into two groups. Each group consisted of 30 patients. Patients of Group-1 underwent enucleation of the hydatid cyst followed by closure of bronchial air leaks with classical circumferential closure of the cavity and patients of Group-2 had enucleation of the hydatid cyst and closure of the cavity by transverse capitonnage. Results: Ten cases (33.33%) of Group-1 had hospital stay for more than 5 days compared to 4(13.33%) in Group-2 (p=0.03). Out of 30 patients who had undergone circumferential closure of the hydatid cavity, 5 (16.67%) patients had residual cavitatory fluid collection while there was none in the other group. In Group-1, 7 (23.3%) cases had reactionary intrapleural fluid collection compared to 2 (6.6%) in Group-2 (p=0.035). After 3 months of follow-up, 4 patients in circumferential capitonnage had mild haemoptysis and 1 had aspergilloma while no such complication occurred in any patient in the transverse capitonnage group. No recurrence of cyst occurred in any case in both groups. Conclusion: There was a considerable advantage of transverse capitonnage of the hydatid lung cavity after enucleation in terms of short hospital stay, minimal or no reactionary intrapleural or intra cavitatory collections and less air leaks. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55809 *Correspondence: Farooq Ahmad Ganie, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar -190011, J & K, India. E-mail: farooq.ganie@yamil.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the effectiveness of handwashing
training given to paramedic students remotely]]></title>
                    <author>Mehmet Murat Oktay</author><author>Mustafa Boğan</author><author>Mustafa Sabak</author><author>Hasan Gümüşboğa</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/384 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/384</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/384/AdminPDF/Oktay MM p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/08/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected face to face medical education and training activities around the world. The aim of this study was to provide remote practical handwashing training to health sciences students and to measure the effectiveness of the training provided and to create a feedback model. Methods: Students of the Paramedic department were included in the study. Two virtual classrooms were created via Zoom Video Communication system. An 11-step handwashing algorithm was developed. Two hours of remote handwashing training was given. Participants were asked to apply the handwashing application they learned at their own location and to record videos. Application videos were evaluated and scored. Results: A total of 135 Term-1 and Term 2 students of the Paramedic department participated in the study. The duration of the evaluated videos was on average 57.67 ± 12.69 (34-95) seconds. Fifty five (40.7%) of the participants successfully completed all the steps and their average success score was 10.3 ± 0.67 (8-11). The most failure (33.3%) in the process steps was the 9th step in which the wrists are rubbed with soap. Conclusion: Suitable teaching and feedback methods are required for medical and health science students who receive education and practical training remotely from home. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55810 *Correspondence: Hasan Gümüşboğa, Emergency Department of Sehitkamil State Hospital, Pirsultan, Cetin Emec cad. 27500, Sehitkamil/Gaziantep, Turkey. E-mail: profhasan@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Red blood cell profile in patients with mild, moderate and severe
COVID-19]]></title>
                    <author>Khushbhun Nahar Layla</author><author>Shahanara Yeasmin</author><author>Afrina Binte Azad</author><author>Masba Uddin Chowdhury</author><author>Nasrin Sultana</author><author>Abul Fazal Shah Muhammad Shazedur Rahman</author><author>Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman</author><author>Rukaia Labiba Rafa</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/385 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/385</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/385/AdminPDF/Layla KN p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/08/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people world-wide. It is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Increasing evidence has shown abnormalities of different hematological parameters with the severity of the diseases. The present study was undertaken to determine the red blood cell (RBC) profile in different categories of COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods: The study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2020. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 cases. Blood samples were analyzed by Automated Hematology Analyzer for hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count and RBC indices. ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, Chi square test, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient test were performed as applicable using SPSS version 25.0. Results: A total of 100 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients were included in the study. There were 25, 38 and 37 mild, moderate and severe cases respectively. The mean age of the study participants was 44.68 + 13.16 years (range: 18 to 65 years). There were 67 (67%) males and 33 (33%) females. No significant difference in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), total RBC count, red blood cell distribution width (CDW) was observed among the three groups. Significant negative correlation of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); rs-0.362 & -0.255 respectively) was observed with disease severity. Conclusion: The study showed low MCV and MCH were significantly related with the severity of the COVID-19 illness. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of the RBC profile would be helpful to understand the disease course. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55811 *Correspondence: Khushbhun Nahar Layla, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: laylaluna7671@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Analysis of genitourinary
trauma patients admitted to the emergency department]]></title>
                    <author>İrfan Aydın</author><author>Erdal Yavuz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/386 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/386</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/386/AdminPDF/Aydın I p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/08/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Genitourinary injuries are commonly encountered in the emergency department but may be over looked in case of multi-trauma. Determining the clinical features of genitourinary injuries will help physicians in the management of genitourinary trauma. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. Patients of all ages, admitted in the emergency department, with trauma between 2015 and 2020 were included and analyzed. The cause of genitourinary trauma, affected organs, any accompanying injury, treatments, mortality status, and laboratory tests related to mortality were obtained from the hospital records and analyzed. Results: During the study period, 87 patients admitted to the emergency department with genitourinary trauma were included in the study. The majority of these patients (n=79) were male. Of the patients, 9.2% died. All the patients in the mortality group had additional injuries. The most frequently injured organ was determined as the kidney (51.7%), followed by the scrotum (25.3%) and penis (8.1%). Additional injuries were observed in 81.6% of the patients. Intra-abdominal organ injuries (19.5%) were the most common accompanying injuries. White blood cell count (WBC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase ( ALT), blood glucose and creatinine values ​​measured at the time of admission to the emergency department were found to be higher in the non-survivor group. The majority of the patients (81%) were discharged with conservative treatment and follow-up. Conclusion: It was determined that genitourinary injuries were frequently seen with additional injuries. Genitourinary injury should be evaluated carefully, especially in the presence of intra-abdominal organ injuries. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55807 *Correspondence: Erdal Yavuz, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Adıyaman University, 02200, Adıyaman, Turkey. Email: erdal_yavuz15@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Views
of emergency medicine congress participants&#039; on congress presentations]]></title>
                    <author>Mustafa Boğan</author><author>Mustafa sabak</author><author>Mehmet Karadağ</author><author>Fatma Boğan</author><author>Hasan Gümüşboğa</author><author>Mehmet Murat Oktay</author><author>Behçet Al</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/376 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/376</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/376/AdminPDF/Boğan M p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/06/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Science congresses have begun to be recognized as a tourism model that named as congress tourism. The hotels where the National Emergency Medicine Congresses are hosted, which are held once a year, contribute to congress tourism.The aim of this study is to find out views of attendees of emergency medicine congresses about the congress and presentations. Methods: A survey form consisting of 16 questions (without demographic question) was shared with participants attending the 14th National Emergency Medicine Congress of the Association of Emergency Medicine Specialists (EPAT) by SMS, e-mail, and social media messenger programs (WhatsApp, etc.). Results: A total of 238 participants took part in the study of whcih73.9% (n = 176) were male. The age of the majority (68, 28.6%) participants was between 35 to 39 years. Maximum participants (n = 95, 39.9%) were specialist titleholders and the majority&#39;s (n = 81, 34.0%) length of service was 6-10 years. Of the total particinats, 73.1% and 65% expressed that curiosity about the scientific content and refreshing the knowledge respectively were the reasons for attending the conferences. Conclusion: Even if congresses are held in holiday hotels, participants are more interested in scientific content. Paramedical activities and visuals used in presentations are viewed positively. Although there are very intense programs in the congress, the majority of the participants stated that they would listen to eight presentations most efficiently. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55879 *Correspondence: Mustafa Boğan, Emergency Department, School of Medicine, Düzce University, Postacode: 81620. Turkey. Email: mustafabogan@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Immunoglobulin
G4 related disease: an overview]]></title>
                    <author>Saika Farook</author><author>Abdullah Ahmed Solaiman</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/387 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/387</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/387/AdminPDF/Farook S p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/08/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Immunoglobulin G4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently perceived fibroinflammatory condition, identified as a systemic illness for the first time in the early 2000. It can involve virtually every organ of the body, commonly presenting as lymphadenopathy, retroperitoneal fibrosis, autoimmune pancreatitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, parotid or lacrimal gland enlargement. The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological analysis and is often, but not always accompanied by an increased level of serum IgG4 concentration. In fact, the name addressing this autoimmune fibroinflammatory condition may be considered a misnomer, as the role of the non-inflammatory immunoglobulin IgG4 in the immune mechanism of IgG4-RD remains to be elucidated. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55878 *Correspondence: Saika Farook, Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Flow Cytometry, DMFR Molecular Lab & Diagnostics BD LTD, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: sairana15@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Perspective
and a brief overview of genome-wide association studies in moderate to severe asthma]]></title>
                    <author>Md Monirul Hoque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/389 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/389</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/389/AdminPDF/Hoque MM p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/08/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.2 - July 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease that shares phenotypic heritability and shows clusters of symptoms among the relatives. A large number of studies have been conducted to examine the genetic susceptibility of asthma over the past three decades. In the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have readdressed the perspective of viewing asthma and have identified some novel genes associated with the susceptibility of asthma. However, few genetic studies have been conducted focusing the moderate to severe asthma, and the molecular targets explain a small proportion of asthma heritability. This review focuses on the principal findings of the genomic studies investigating the genome-wide association of moderate to severe asthma and how it is transitioning the phenotype-based approach towards the fundamental genomic studies. It further illustrates the integrative perspectives aimed towards the translation of the findings in precision medicine. Therefore, a better understanding of asthma pathogenesis would focus the individual at the center of asthma care. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(2): 008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i2.55880 *Correspondence: Md Monirul Hoque, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA. Email: hoquemonir@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A distance education experience on
assessment of airway maneuvers during COVID-19 pandemic]]></title>
                    <author>M. Murat Oktay</author><author>Mustafa Boğan</author><author>Mustafa Sabak</author><author>Hasan Gümüşboğa</author><author>İbrahim Bilir</author><author>Mehmet Cihat Demir</author><author>Hüseyin Narcı</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/362 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/362</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/362/AdminPDF/Oktay MMM p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/01/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>MC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated the switch to distance education by abandoning face-to-face education worldwide. This study aimed to investigate whether it is possible for practical education and performance measurements through distance education. Methods: The application video and the application steps were sent to the participants through their smartphone by WhatsApp messenger. Grade 1 students in the Physiotherapy Section (Group A) and Grade 1 students in the Paramedic Section (Group B) voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were asked to apply simulation applications and record the simulation applications&#39; video clips with their smartphones. Results: The mean age of the 123 participants was 20.11 ± 2.03 (18-33) years, and 56 (45.5%) were in Group A, and 67 (54.5%) were in Group B. While the participants in Group A were successful at a rate of 35.7% (n = 20) in the head tilt-chin lift maneuver, this rate was 65.7% (n = 44) for Group B (p = 0.001). For the jaw thrust maneuver, the success rate was 21.4% (n = 12) for Group A and 31.3% (n = 21) for Group B. Conclusion: In this study, the participants used family members as a live simulation model in our research. The participants who were given face-to-face education before were more successful on head tilt chin lift maneuver. Jaw thrust maneuver was more challenging to learn and practice by distance education. The academicians interested in medical education should keep in mind that the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic have permanent effects on education systems. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54195 *Correspondence: Mustafa Boğan, Emergency Department, Health Research and Application Hospital, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey, Posta code: 81620.  Email: mustafabogan@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Lead poisoning prevention: A community-based participatory
research program in Mississippi]]></title>
                    <author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Charkarra Anderson-Lewis</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/367 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/367</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/367/AdminPDF/Mitra AK p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/03/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Lead poisoning is a preventable environmental health hazard. Although the prevalence of lead poisoning is declining, the rates are disproportionately high in selected communities. This community-based participatory research (CBPR) program aimed to enhance people’s awareness on lead poisoning prevention through community outreach and educational interventions in Mississippi. Methods: Secondary data of 42,372 children obtained from the Mississippi State Department of Health were analyzed to identify the most affected communities in Mississippi. Community-based outreach and education activities were carried out in the most affected areas to increase population awareness on lead poisonig prevention. Results: Hands-on training was offered to 25 participants at homebuilding retail stores. Of them, 23 (92%) reported the hands-on training was very useful or useful. Among 91 home-buyers and rental home owners who attended workshops offered by the Neighborhood Association, 90% mentioned that the training was useful or very useful. An online visual training was given to 220 realtors, and 75 inspectors, contractors, and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) workers. At posttest, 59.4%, 67.9%, 65.1% of the realtors, inspectors, contractors and DIY workers (n = 295) identified soil, car batteries and paint as sources of lead in the environment, respectively. A total of 62.3%, 48.1% and 58.5%, at posttest, identified three complications - behavioral, physical and psychological, respectively. The mean posttest score was significantly higher than the pretest scores (7.47 ± 2.07 vs. 6.60 ± 1.68, p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: These outreach activities were successful in improving the knowledge of the community people on lead poisoning prevention. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54197 *Correspondence: Amal K. Mitra, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. Email: amal.k.mitra@jsums.edu.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Management
of intra-operative tracheal injuries during transhiatal esophagectomy]]></title>
                    <author>Farooq Ahmad Ganie</author><author>Ghulam Nabi Lone</author><author>Syed Mohsin Manzoor</author><author>Hakeem Zubair Ashraf</author><author>Nadeem-ul Nazir Kawoosa</author><author>Rouf Gul</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/368 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/368</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/368/AdminPDF/Ganie FA p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/04/01</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Analysis of the contents of consultations requested
by the emergency department]]></title>
                    <author>Mustafa Boğan</author><author>Hasan Sultanoğlu</author><author>Mehmet Cihat Demir</author><author>Mehmet Karadağ</author><author>Hasan Baki Altınsoy</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/363 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/363</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/363/AdminPDF/Boğan M p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/01/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Every year several thousand patients attend the hospital emergency department (ED). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of the consultations requested from the emergency department. Methods: The patients who had presented to the adult emergency department between January 1, 2020 and January 31, 2020, and who had undergone consultation by at least one clinic were included in the study. Age, gender, the number of consultation required at the same admission, the clinic from which the consultation sought, time required to respond to the request and the outcomes of the consultations were analyzed. Results: The total number of emergency department presentations was 8930 patients and at least one consultation had been requested for 6.64% (n = 593) patients. The mean duration of answering the consultation was 85.76 ± 90.33 minutes. Consultations were requested from the cardiology most frequently (n = 188, 19%), followed by the pulmonology department (n = 181, 18.3%). Discharge was recommended with prescription in 235 (39.6%) consultations. Internal medicine was the clinic, which recommended treatment at the emergency room most frequently (n = 45, 22.4%) and the most commonly recommended treatment was erythrocyte suspension replacement (n = 7). The clinic that demanded additional tests most commonly was determined to be the pulmonology department (n = 41, 22.9%) and arterial blood gases analysis was the most commonly demanded test (n = 16). Conclusion: In our study, the rate of consultations requested was seen to be lower and the rate of cases that required hospitalization was seen to be higher. The duration of answering consultations was found to be longer than desired and institutional protocols should be developed for shortening this duration. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 004.  OPEN ACCESS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54196 *Correspondence: Mustafa Boğan, Emergency Department, Health Research and Application Hospital, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey, Posta code: 81620.  Email: mustafabogan@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of
morbidity and mortality of diabetes mellitus in a rural community cohort]]></title>
                    <author>M Abu Sayeed</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Khandaker Abul Ahsan</author><author>Fazlul Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/369 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/369</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/369/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/04/27</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The developing countries are facing the double burden of the communicable (CD) and non-communicable (NCD) diseases. The initiation of primary health care (PHC) adopted in the past century, which included sanitation and immunization, remarkably reduced the load of CDs in the least developing nations. The burden of NCDs remained the same or showed an increasing trend. Of the NCDs, diabetes has become a serious threat to human health and the related morbidity and mortalities are affecting the younger people. As a consequence, the disease complications render huge number of people to disabilities and unusual enormous health expenditures. Very few studies addressed the prevalence of complications among the diabetes patients in a rural community. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sequels (morbidity and mortality) among the diabetic cases eight years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes in a rural community cohort Subjects and Methods: A rural community survey in 10 villages was conducted in 1993. The survey screened 1319 (797 men, 522 women) for diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Those who were diagnosed DM and IGT referred to a referral center (BIRDEM) for registration. A retrospective cohort was designed in 2001. The addresses of the patients were retrieved from the BIRDEM registry. These registered patients, both survivors and non-survivors, were traced in ten villages. The survivors were investigated (anthropometry, glycemia, fundoscopy, urine protein etc.). A verbal autopsy was performed to determine the cause(s) of death in the non-survivors. Results: Of the188 registered cases, 79 were found and located (survivors 43 (54.4%, non-survivors 36 (45.6%). Of the survivors, 44.2% developed complications. The observed complications were sensory neuropathy 16.3%, CAD 9.3%, retinopathy 7% and nephropathy 4.7%. Among the non-survivors, 19.4% were found to have nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease. Conclusions: The study cohort revealed that more than one-third of the people with diabetes died in less than ten years after being diagnosed. The cohort also revealed that diabetic nephropathy (end-stage renal disease) and dearth of dialysis facilities contributed to early death in the rural community. Among the complications, most frequent incidence was neuropathy and neuro-psychiatric disorders. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54199 *Correspondence: M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins:
experience at a tertiary hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Farooq A. Ganie</author><author>Ghulam Nabi Lone</author><author>Mohd Yaqoob Khan</author><author>Syed Mohsin Manzoor</author><author>Mudasir Hamid Bhat</author><author>Syed Nisar Ahmad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/370 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/370</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/370/AdminPDF/Ganie FA p01-04.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/05/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a recent modality of treatment of the affected varicose vein. In the present study, the outcome of great saphenous varicose vein disease treated byradiofrequency ablation technique was analyzed. Methods: Patients with varicosities of the lower limb affecting mainly the great saphenous vein were (GSV) included. The procedures were carried out under spinal anesthesia. The target varicose vein was accessed by Seldinger technique and the RFA catheter advanced 2 to 3 cm below sapheno-femoral junction under ultrasonography (USG) guidance. A tumescent anesthetic infiltration was given in a solution of normal saline and sodium bicarbonate before the vein being ablated. Results: The success rate of RFA was 97.5 % (39 out of 40). One patient showed episodic recanalisation of vein at one year duplex colour scan. Though the complications related to procedure were negligible, one patient developed endovenous heat induced thrombosis (EHIT) and non-fatal pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) which was managed adequately. Conclusion: Endovenous RFA is a useful treatment modality for varicose vein disease primarily due to great saphenous insufficiency with marked symptomatic improvement and least recurrence. Although the complications are minimal, EHIT is a potential and serious complication of heat ablation. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54200 *Correspondence: Farooq Ahmad Gganie, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Sheri-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Email ID: farooq.ganie@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic rural Bangladeshi
population]]></title>
                    <author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/374 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/374</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/374/AdminPDF/Rhaman MM p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/05/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection differs in urban and rural population. In our country, no previous study investigated the H. pylori infection in rural population. The aim of the present study was to find out the status of H. pylori infection among the Bangladeshi asymptomatic rural adult population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural area located about 40 km north-east of capital Dhaka. Apparently healthy non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic adults (18 years and above) were enrolled in this study. A structured questionnaire was developed to record the socio-demographic and clinical information. H. pylori infection status was determined by the presence of anti- H. pylori IgG antibody in blood. Serum anti-H.pylori IgG antibodies were determined by immunochromatographic test (ICT) method. Results: A total number of 180 apparently healthy adult individuals were enrolled of which 112, 40 and 28 were non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic respectively. Out of 180 individuals, anti- H. pylori IgG was present in 70 (38.9%, CI: 32.1, 46.2) cases. Infection rate was 50%, 27.5% and 43.5% in 19-30, 31-50 and >50 years age group respectively. Infection rate was significantly (p< 0.05) low in 31-50 years age group compared to 19-30 and > 50 years age groups. H. pylori infection rates in male and female were 42.6% (CI: 29.2, 56.8) and 37.3% (CI: 28.9, 46.4) respectively (p=0.50). There was no significant (p>0.05) association of H. pylori infection with economic status, education level, occupation and tobacco consumption of the study population. The rate of H. pylori infection in non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion: The study revealed a low prevalence of H. pylori infection in rural population of Bangladesh. There was no significant association of H. pylori infection with several sociodemographic status and diabetes. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 007.  OPEN ACCESS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54201 *Correspondence: Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Endocrinopathies
in thalassemia - a review]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Shapur  Ikhtaire</author><author>Farzana Rahman</author><author>Nishat  Nayla  Aurpa</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/375 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/375</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/375/AdminPDF/Haq T p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/05/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.15 No.1 - January 2021</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Improved treatment has increased survival of patients with thalassemia. However, they still suffer from several endocrine complications mainly as a result of iron overload from multiple transfusions. Endocrinopathies manifest as early as the first decade of life, affecting growth, puberty, psychological development and quality of life. The presence of concomitant anemia, chronic liver disease and cardiomyopathy affect the development and treatment of endocrine disorders, making endocrinopathies in thalassemia a complex disorder.  This review focuses on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of endocrinopathies in transfusion and non transfusion dependent thalassemia. The main points that should be considered in the management of endocrine disorders in a patient with thalassemia are highlighted in this review. IMC J Med Sci 2021; 15(1): 008.  OPEN ACCESS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v15i1.54202 *Correspondence: Tahniyah Haq, Department of Endocrinology, Room 1620, 15th Floor, Block D, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: tahniyah81@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Regional
differences in COVID-19 attack and case fatality rates in the first quarter of
2020: a comparative study]]></title>
                    <author>Most. Zannatul Ferdous</author><author>Lakshmi Rani Kundu</author><author>Marjia Sultana</author><author>Sheikh Jafia Jafrin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/352 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/352</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/352/AdminPDF/Ferdous MJ p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/08/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objective: The COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) outbreak has become a public health threat all over the world. From December 31, 2019 to March 19, 2020, 146 countries were affected. Evidence on the management approaches of current COVID-19 pandemic is still limited though the numbers of affected countries are increasing as the days go by. This study was aimed at determining the attack rate (AR) and case fatality rate (CFR) of Covid-19 in six different regions around the world in the first quarter of 2020. An attempt was also made to provide an overview of the ongoing situation of COVID-19. Methods: The design of the study was mixed approach where a retrospective analysis of surveillance data of six different regions around the world were collected from COVID-19 dashboard of World Health organization, between 31 December 2019 to 19 March 2020 (Time: 2:00 pm. BST [CET: 9 am]). Besides, other different validated sources (example: Worldometer, Center for Disease Control and Prevention) were used to assess the ongoing situation regarding COVID-19. A statistical software SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Results: There were a total of 207,860 confirmed cases and 8779 deaths across six different regions around the world from 31 December 2019 to 19 March 2020, with the highest AR of 9.92/100,000 population in Europe region, followed by Asia (2.7/ 100,000), Australia (1.75/100,000), North America (1.42/100,000), South America (0.23/100,000) and Africa (0.06/100,000) regions. Study results revealed statistically significant association between attack rates and the six regions of the world (p=0.002), meaning that AR varied in the regions around the world. The CFR was high in Europe region (4.81%), followed by Asia (4.06%), Africa (2.72%), South America (1.41%), Australia (1.12%), and North America (0.69%) regions. Data reviewed from different countries revealed that the highest number of cases was confirmed in the United States, followed by Spain and Italy. The findings revealed that the reported confirmed cases varied widely in different regions of the world. Conclusion: The severity and variation in -geographical distribution of COVID-19 cases and deaths suggest that urgent response from various government and public health authorities should be taken and research regarding underlying factors determining this severity should be sought for. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 001. EPub date: 16 August 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52825 *Correspondence: Most. Zannatul Ferdous, Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh. Email: m.zannatul.ferdous@juniv.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Outcome of ivermectin treated mild to moderate
COVID-19 cases: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled study]]></title>
                    <author>Chinmay Saha Podder</author><author>Nandini Chowdhury</author><author>Mohim Ibne Sina</author><author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/353 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/353</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/353/AdminPDF/Podder CS p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/09/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Various existing non-antiviral drugs are being used to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection based mostly on existing data from previous coronavirus outbreaks. Ivermectin is one of such agents being widely used to treat early-stage of COVID-19. This study evaluated the outcome of ivermectin treated mild to moderate COVID-19 cases compared to usual care. Methods: This open-label randomised controlled study was conducted at a sub-district (Upazila) health complex from 1st May 2020 to the end of July 2020. Consecutive RT-PCR positive eligible COVID-19 patients were randomised into control and intervention arms. In the intervention arm, ivermectin 200 micrograms/kg single dose was administered orally in addition to usual care and was followed up till recovery. Repeat RT-PCR was done on day ten since the first positive result. The end point with regard to treatment outcome was time required for the resolution of symptoms from the onset of the symptoms and following enrollement in the study. Results: A total of 62 mild to moderate COVID-19 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 30 patients in the control arm and 32 patients in the intervention arm. Total recovery time from the onset of symptoms to complete resolution of symptoms of the patients in the intervention arm was 10.09 ± 3.236 days, compared to 11.50 ± 5.32 days in the control arm (95% CI -0.860,3.627, p>. 05) and was not significantly different. The mean recovery time after enrolment in the intervention arm was 5.31 ± 2.48 days, which also did not differ significantly from the control arm of 6.33 ± 4.23 days (95% CI – 0.766, 2.808, p> 0.05). Results of negative repeat RT- PCR were not significantly different between control and intervention arms (control 90% vs intervention 95%, p>.05). Conclusion: Ivermectin had no beneficial effect on the disease course over usual care in mild to moderate COVID-19 cases. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 002. EPub date: 03 September 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52826 *Correspondence: Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Neonatal
sepsis due to non-albicans Candida species and their susceptibility
to antifungal agents: first report from Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Rafia Afreen Jalil</author><author>K.M. Shahidul Islam</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Shahida Akhter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/358 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/358</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/358/AdminPDF/Jalil RA p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/01/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Frequency of neonatal sepsis in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) has been increasing worldwide over the last decades. The emergence of non-albicans Candida (NAC) species and their resistance to common antifungal agents become an important preventive and therapeutic issue. The present study was undertaken to find out the role of NAC species in neonatal sepsis/candidemia in the NICUs of hospitals of Dhaka city. The susceptibility pattern of NAC species to antifungal agents was also determined. Materials and methods: Suspected cases of neonatal sepsis admitted in NICU of four tertiary care hospitals of Dhaka city, from March to December 2018 were enrolled. In this cross sectional study, blood samples were collected from neonates with suspected sepsis for culture.Identification of Candidaspecies was done by carbohydrate (CHO) assimilation tests using swab auxanographic technique, CHO impregnated yeast nitrogen base plate method (YNB), microtiter plate based miniaturized method and by HiCromeTM Candida Differential Media. Susceptibility of the isolated Candida species to antifungal agents was determined by disk diffusion (DD) and by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. MIC was determined by broth microdilution method using RPMI 1640 and trypticase soy broth (TSB). Results: In the present study, NAC species were isolated from 39.7% neonates. C. tropicalis was the predominant species (81.0%) followed by C. parapsilosis (12.1%), C. auris (5.2%) and C. dubliniensis (1.7%).Isolated NAC species were 98.3% sensitive to voriconazole. Sensitivity to fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and clotrimazole was 3.5%, 15.5%, 86.2% and 56.9% respectively by DD method. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to miconazole and nystatin. All the C. tropicalis, C. auris and C. dubliniensis were sensitive to amphotericin B and anidulafungin. One and four C. parapsilosis were found resistant to amphotericin B and anidulafungin respectively. The MIC results obtained by using RPMI 1640 and TSB as growth medium were concordant suggesting that TSB media was a good alternative to expensive RPMI 1640. Conclusion: The advent of NAC species merits attention as they are highly resistant to most of the azoles. Therefore, speciation of Candida in neonatal candidemia is essential to institute appropriate antifungal therapy. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 005. EPub date: 13 January 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52827 *Correspondence: Rafia Afreen Jalil, Department of Microbiology, Green Life Medical College, Green Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: rafiaafreen133@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori
infection in diabetes mellitus patients with peptic ulcer disease]]></title>
                    <author>Salma Khatun</author><author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Mafruha Mahmud</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Indrajit Kumar Dutta</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/359 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/359</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/359/AdminPDF/Khatun S p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/01/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Helicobacter pylori infection is suspected to be associated with extra-gastrointestinal disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM). It is still a subject of investigation whether H. pylori has a pathogenic role on DM or diabetic patients have an increased susceptibility to H. pylori infection. The aim of the present study was to find out the rate of H. pylori infection in individuals with and without DM. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 72 diabetic and 19 non-diabetic adult individuals with dyspeptic symptoms attending the BIRDEM General Hospital for diagnostic endoscopy. All cases were tested for H. pylori stool antigen by rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), urease production in biopsy samples by rapid urease test (RUT), and serum anti-H. pylori IgA and anti-CagA IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Any case that had peptic ulcer/erosion and was positive for H. pylori stool antigen or rapid urease test (RUT) was defined as H. pylori positive case. Results: There was no significant (p=0.095) difference in H. pylori infection between diabetics and non-diabetics (68.1% vs 47.4%). Presence of ulcer and erosion were not significantly different among diabetics and non-diabetics. Anti-H. pylori IgA positivity rate in H. pylori positive diabetic and non-diabetic cases were 65.3% and 55.6% (p=0.575) respectively while anti-CagA IgG rate in those cases were 46.9% and 66.7% (p=0.276) respectively. Conclusion: The present study did not reveal any significant difference in H. pylori infection between individuals with and without DM having peptic ulcer/erosion. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 006. EPub date: 19 January 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52832 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A
profile of illnesses prevailing in the secondary schools of rural communities
of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>M. Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/364 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/364</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/364/AdminPDF/Begum T p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/03/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The childhood population in Bangladesh is ~20% of the 166.5 million. The rural population comprises almost 70%. Approximately, Bangladesh has more than 23,500 high schools. There has been no published data on the profile of illness commonly observed among the high school children. The aims of the study were a) to determine a profile of common illness among the students of rural high schools; b) to assess the nutrition status related to socio-economic class and c) to find out the correlations between anthropometry and blood pressure and between anthropometry and blood glucose status. Methods: The study was conducted in purposively selected high schools in Santhia thana under the district of Pabna. Local leaders and the school teachers volunteered to communicate the study objectives and investigation details to the eligible students. The teachers prepared the list of participants. All the willing participants were advised to attend the investigation site in the morning in a fasting state. Each participant was interviewed. Socio-demographic and clinical history was taken. Investigations included anthropometry – height (ht), weight (wt), waist- and hip-circumference (waist, hip). Adiposity indices namely body mass index (BMI – wt in kg/ht in met. sq.), waist/hip ratio (WHR) and waist/ht ratio (WHtR) were calculated. Resting blood pressure was taken. Clinical examination (general and systemic) was done. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was estimated using glucometer strip and blood grouping by test kit. Test kit was also used for detection of urinary protein. Results: From six schools, 1069 students (boys/girls = 392/677) of age 10 to 19 years participated in the study. The participants from middle class family were 52.7% and upper were 14.4%. Their mothers were mostly housewives (95.5%) and only 16% had academic education of ten years or more. The mean (± SD) values of BMI, WHR, WHtR and FBG were 18.2 (± 2.9), 0.81 (± 0.07), 0.43 (± 0.05) and 5.26 (± 0.45) mmol/L respectively. Adiposity was significantly higher in upper socio-economic class than the middle and lower class, though no differences were observed in blood pressure and blood glucose level. Of the illnesses, the most common were sinusitis (21.4%), tonsillitis (13.3%) and toothache plus dental caries (10.7%). Conclusions: The most common illnesses were sinusitis, tonsillitis and dental caries. Anthropometric measures indicated that adiposity was not uncommon in rural children. Though adiposity was found higher among the upper than the lower socio-economic class, blood pressure and blood glucose level showed no difference indicating equal risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) irrespective of socio-economic class. These findings envisage that the existing status of child health might lead to NCDs in adult life. We suggest adiposity, blood pressure and blood glucose status of a high school cohort may be prospectively followed for eventual future health events. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 007. EPub date: 07 March 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52828 *Correspondence: Tanjima Begum, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, BIRDEM General Hospital, Shabhag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tanjima1982@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinical
characteristics and factors influencing the outcome of hospitalised COVID-19
patients in a semi-urban primary healthcare center]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque</author><author>Chinmay Saha Podder</author><author>Nandini Chowdhury</author><author>Md. Mohim Ibne Sina</author><author>S.K.M Shameem Kawser</author><author>Ahammed Kabir</author><author>Robiul Hasan</author><author>Md. Arifur Rahman Munshi</author><author>Asma Akter</author><author>Arjun Saha</author><author>Lima Saha</author><author>Sohel Rana</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/366 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/366</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/366/AdminPDF/Haque WMMU p01-13.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/03/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Various new manifestations and risk factors for COVID-19 have been unveiled in the course of the current pandemic. Understanding the clinical spectrums as well as the risk factors associated with the adverse outcome of the disease is critical to combat this pandemic. This study was conducted to identify the clinical features, overall outcome and the factors associated with adverse outcome of the hospitalised COVID-19 patients in a semi-urban healthcare setting. Methods: This study was conducted at Debidwar Upazila (sub-district) Health Complex under the Cumilla district from April 2020 to October 2020. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients, aged 18 years and above, admitted at the Health Complex were enrolled in the study. All patients were followed till their recovery, referral or death. The data were collected in a pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire that included demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters. Result: Out of 50 RT-PCR positiveCOVID-19 adult participants, 30 (60%) were males and 20 (40%) were females. Twenty-four percent, 36%, and 40% of the patients had mild, moderate and severe disease respectively. The most common clinical symptom was fever (96%), followed by cough (86%) and shortness of breath (60%). Hypertension (54%), diabetes mellitus (40%), bronchial asthma (20%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 14%) were the major co-morbid conditions. Of the total cases, 2 (4%) died and 8 (16%) required referral to tertiary care hospital while 40 (80%) recovered. COPD was associated with poor outcome (OR 19; 95% CI: 2.88, 125.31; p < 0.05). Smokers were 7 times more likely to exhibit the negative outcome than non-smokers (95% CI: 1.52, 32.33; p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, COPD was associated with a negative outcome. Further study with larger sample should be carried out to determine the spectrum of risk factors. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52829 Co-first author - contributed equally. *Correspondence: Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Melioidosis
by aminoglycoside susceptible Burkholderia
pseudomallei:  First case in
Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Saika Farook</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Alpona Akhter</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/354 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/354</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/354/AdminPDF/Farook S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/10/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis. It is a gram-negative bacillus present in environment and intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics including aminoglycosides. However, recently aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei has been isolated from melioidosis cases and reported from some countries of the world. But, such aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei has never been detected in Bangladesh either from melioidosis cases or from environment. All the B. pseudomallei isolated so far in Bangladesh were resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides.  Here, we describe a disseminated case of melioidosis caused by aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei in a 55 years old Bengali male patient. This is the first case of melioidosis due to aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei in Bangladesh. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 003. EPub date: 19 October 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52830 *Correspondence: Md. Shariful Alam Jilani, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. e-mail: jilanimsa@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2: current status
and issues]]></title>
                    <author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Md Monirul Hoque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/355 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/355</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/355/AdminPDF/Mazumder S p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/10/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the whole world. Accurate, rapid and affordable diagnostic testing for COVID-19 is crucial to prevent and control this global pandemic. This paper reviews the current status and issues related to diagnostic tests for COVID-19. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(2): 004. EPub date: 24 October 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52831 *Correspondence: Sraboni Mazumder, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Shegun Bagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: mazumder.sraboni@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Commentary about open-label randomized
controlled study of ivermectin in mild to moderate COVID-19]]></title>
                    <author>Eduardo Ortega-Guillén</author><author>Giovanni Meneses</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/357 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/357</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2021/03/357/AdminPDF/Letters Editor p01-02.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2021/01/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Others</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.2 - July 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Response
to short course androgenisation in late reported cases with micropenis]]></title>
                    <author>Mahmudul Huque</author><author>Tania Tofail</author><author>Tofail Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/334 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/334</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/334/AdminPDF/Huque M p01-04.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/01/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Micropenis is an abnormally short penis and its treatment should begin in infancy or in very early childhood. The present study investigated the response of short term testosterone therapy in late reported cases of micropenis. Methods: A total of 17 cases of micropenis between the age of 8 and 15 years were included in the study. Standard criteria for the diagnosis of micropenis were followed. All cases were treated with intramuscular testosterone 50 to 75 mg once every 21 days. Response to testosterone treatment was measured by the absolute and percent increment in stretched penile length (SPL). Response was considered adequate if final SPL crosses the average SPL for age. We also compared the response of treatment of cases reported before and after 11 years of age. Result: A total of 17 micropenis cases were included in the study. Out of total 17 boys, 10 were between 8 to 11 years (Group 1) and 7 were between 12 to 15 years (Group 2) of age. The mean pre-treatment SPL of 17 micropenis cases was 3.1±0.2 cm (CI: 2.83, 3.43 cm). The mean initial SPL of Gr1 and Gr2 was not significantly different (3.2±0.3 cm vs 3.0±0.1 cm; p>0.248). The mean post treatment SPL of 17 cases increased significantly (p<0.001) compared to their initial SPL. The range of percentage increment in SPL was 100%-400%. Higher testosterone doses were required in Gr2 cases compared to Gr1 (360±20.8 mg vs 260.7±38.5 mg). Conclusion: Micropenis in boys with palpable gonads responded to short term testosterone treatment in late reported cases and we termed these cases as simple micropenis. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 001. EPub date: 21 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47381 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tofail Ahmed, Professor, Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tofail.ahmed@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Association of visceral adiposity index with insulin
resistance in adults with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Sultana Parveen</author><author>Tohfa-E-Ayub</author><author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Nazmun Nahar</author><author>Naureen Manbub</author><author>Fahmida Islam</author><author>Farjana Aktar</author><author>Murshida Aziz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/335 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/335</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/335/AdminPDF/Parveen S p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/02/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Visceral adiposity is linked to excess morbidity and mortality and positively correlates with the risk of insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and premature death. The study was conducted to find out the relationship between visceral adiposity index (VAI) and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on adult population with and without DM. Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were measured. BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2 was defined as overweight and obese respectively. HOMA-IR method was used to calculate insulin resistance (IR). Standard formula using BMI, WC, triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was used to calculate VAI. Blood was analyzed for fasting blood glucose (FBS), TG, HDL-c and insulin level. Results: A total of 439 individuals were included in the study of which 269 had DM and 170 were healthy volunteers and the mean age was 41.47±6.82 and 36.16±7.44 years respectively. Compared to healthy controls, a greater number of diabetics had high VAI (86.5% vs. 98.9%) and high IR (43.5% vs. 85.1%). We found the highest sensitivity and specificity at a cut-off of 2.23 of VAI while at 3.65 had the highest specificity. Insulin resistance was observed significantly higher in those with diabetes compared to control, both in case of normal and high VAI at all cut-offs of VAI. Among anthropometric parameters (WC, BMI and VAI), VAI had positive (r=0.21, p<0.001) correlation with HOMA-IR than WC (r=0.10, p=0.043). Visceralfat was linearly related with insulin resistance (ß=0.18, p<0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) (0.66) showed that VAI can discriminate HOMA-IR. Conclusion: There was a high rate of raised VAI in cases with DM. VAI had positive association with HOMA-IR in diabetes mellitus. Although weak, there was an acceptable discrimination between them. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 002. EPub date: 11 February 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47382 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sultana Parveen. Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-100, Bangladesh, 8th floor, Room: 906. Email: bioheadimc@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Lipid
profile in an urban healthy adult Bangladeshi population]]></title>
                    <author>Taslima Akter</author><author>Elisha Khandker</author><author>Zinat Ara Polly</author><author>Fatima Khanam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/336 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/336</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/04/336/AdminPDF/Akter T p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/02/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has increased in most of the developing countries, including Bangladesh. An important marker of IHD is dyslipidemia which includes high levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-cholesterol), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). So it is very important to know the lipid levels of a particular population for early intervention and prevention of IHD. The present study investigated the lipid levels of healthy urban adult Bangladeshi population. Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out over a period of one year at the Department of Physiology of Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total number of 286 apparently healthy individuals were included in this study. Blood sample following overnight fast was collected for determination of serum TG, T-cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c. For all four lipid components, 95th percentile value was calculated and compared with values recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: A total number of 286 adult individuals were enrolled of which 130 (45.5%) and 156 (54.5%) were male and female respectively. The mean levels of TG (122±56 mg/dl) and T-cholesterol (178±25 mg/dl) of male participants were significantly (p=0.001, p=0.008) higher than that of females (79.3±35.6 and 170±26 mg/dl). The level of serum HDL-c was significantly (p=0.001) higher in females (46.1±7.8 mg/dl)) compared to the males (39.7±8.6 mg/dl). The 95th percentile values of TG, T-cholesterol and LDL-c were higher than that of values recommended by WHO. Of the total participants, 17.1% to 24.1% had TG, T-cholesterol and LDL-c levels higher than the WHO recommended range. Conclusion: It is concluded that a proportion of our urban healthy young adult population had lipid profiles different from that recommended by WHO. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 003. EPub date: 20 February 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47383 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Fatima Khanam. Professor, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-100, Bangladesh, 8th floor, Room: 906. Email: fatimakhanam37@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparative evaluation of rapid Salmonella Typhi IgM/IgG and Widal test
for the diagnosis of enteric fever]]></title>
                    <author>Farjana Akter</author><author>Mahmuda Yeasmin</author><author>Md. Zahangir Alam</author><author>Md. Rokibul Hasan</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Elisha Khandker</author><author>Md. Monirul Hoque</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/337 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/337</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/337/AdminPDF/Akter F p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/02/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: Accurate and early diagnosis of enteric fever is a diagnostic challenge where facility for blood culture is not available. As a result, Widal test is still used widely in resource limited settings. Recently, user-friendly rapid immunochromatographic tests (ICT) have been introduced for quick diagnosis of enteric fever. So, we evaluated sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatography based Salmonella Typhi IgM/IgG test kit and Widal test compared to blood culture for the diagnosis of enteric fever. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College (IMC) and Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) from June 2017 to September 2017. Clinically suspected enteric fever cases were included. Blood culture, Widal and Salmonella Typhi IgM/IgG detecting ICT were employed for the diagnosis of enteric fever. Results: Out of 71 suspected cases of enteric fever, blood culture was positive in 36 cases (50.7%) while 42 (59.15%) and 35 (49.29%) cases were positive by Widal test and ICT respectively. Widal and ICT had sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 89.9% and 82.9% & 91.4% respectively. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that both Widal and immunochromatographic tests can be used interchangeably for rapid diagnosis of enteric fever. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 004. EPub date: 29 February 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47452 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farjana Akter. Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, 10th floor, Room: 1118. Email: farjana73mail@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge about informed consent among doctors in postgraduate courses
in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Kazi Taib Mamun</author><author>Nabeela Mahboob</author><author>Mohammad Abdullah Al Mahmud</author><author>K. Zaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/338 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/338</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/338/AdminPDF/Mamun KT p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/03/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Informed consent is now accepted as the cornerstone of medical practice and research. Concept of consent is an endeavor by which the patient can take part in clinical judgment concerning their treatment and protects patient and doctors against any litigation. However, in research informed consent is not merely a form that is signed, but is a process in which the participant has an understanding of the research and its risks. In view of this, the objective of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding informed consent among the doctors pursuing postgraduate courses in a medical institute in Bangladesh. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 160 postgraduate medical students in Dhaka city. A self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of 36 questions was used to assess their knowledge regarding informed consent. The response format was based on a 3-point Likert scale. Frequency distribution was used for statistical analysis. Results: The age range of the participants was from 25-40 years. Of the total participants, 48% were males and 42% were females. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the importance of an informed consent and 86.3% of the doctors agreed that only verbal consent was not adequate. Only 66.2% agreed that consent for participation in research should always be voluntary and informed. Majority (76.9%) agreed not to recruit individuals with mental or behavioral disorders not capable of giving adequately informed consent. Only 27.5% were aware that assent should be taken from children participating in a research. Out of total participants, 71.2% and 81.2% agreed that the participants should be informed about the laboratory test results. Management/referral must be ensured in case of abnormal test results respectively. For genetic research, 88.1% and 81.3% agreed for pre- and post-counseling respectively. Conclusion: There is need to initiate further educational programs to aware the doctors of the importance of informed consent in research, clinical practice and patient care. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 005. EPub date: 07 March 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47451 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Nabeela Mahboob, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Popular Medical College, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: nabeela.islam311@gmail.com, Contact no: 01769050442]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Helicobacter
pylori CagA seropositivity in adult Bangladeshi patients
with peptic ulcer and erosion]]></title>
                    <author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Salma Khatun</author><author>Mafruha Mahmud</author><author>Indrajit Kumar Dutta</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/339 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/339</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/339/AdminPDF/Rahman F p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/04/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: CagA IgG antibody in sera might indicate presence of virulent Helicobacter pylori in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Present study was performed to find out the prevalence of CagA IgG antibody in patients with peptic ulcer/erosion. Methods: Any case that had peptic ulcer/erosion, plus positive for rapid urease test (RUT) or H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) or serum anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA were included in the study and named as H. pylori positive case. H. pylori positive cases were tested for CagA IgG antibody. Anti-H. pylori IgG, IgA and CagA IgG antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and stool antigen by rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT). Urease production in biopsy sample was detected by RUT. Results: Total 86 H. pylori positive patients were included in the study. Out of 86 patients, CagA IgG was positive in 34 (39.5%; 95% CI: 0.30,0.50) cases. CagA seropositivity rate in ulcer and erosion cases were 58.8% (95% CI: 0.36,0.78) and 34.8% (95% CI: 0.25,0.47) respectively. H. pylori stool antigen and IgA antibodies were positive in all (100%) CagA antibody positive ulcer cases while the rates were significantly less among the CagA antibody negative cases (42.8% and 28.6%; p<0.05). However, in CagA antibody positive erosion cases, the rates were not significantly different from CagA antibody negative cases. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the CagA positive strain is less prevalent in erosion than ulcer cases. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 006. EPub date: 05 April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47453 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com ; 2a: present address]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia in women
with primary and secondary infertility]]></title>
                    <author>Shamima Bari</author><author>Rokeya Begum</author><author>Qazi Shamima Akter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/344 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/344</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/344/AdminPDF/Bari S p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/05/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Infertility is a global health problem including Bangladesh. Altered thyroid and prolactin levels have been implicated as a cause of infertility. The study was undertaken to find out the serum thyroid hormones and prolactin status in women with primary and secondary infertility. Methods: Women with primary and secondary infertility were enrolled. Fertile age-matched women were included as control. The anthropometric details (age, height and weight) were recorded. Overnight fasting blood sample was collected on 2nd day of menstrual cycle of the follicular phase. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine(FT4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum prolactin (PRL) was estimated by radioimmunoassay.  Results: A total of 150 women were enrolled in the study. Out of 150 women, 50 had primary and 50 had secondary infertility while 50 women were age-matched fertile women as control. The mean TSH levels of both infertility groups were significantly higher than that of fertile women. Regarding thyroid function, 24% and 28% of women with primary and secondary infertility had hypothyroidism respectively. The serum prolactin level was high in 42.9% and 50% of hypothyroid cases in primary and secondary infertility groups respectively. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated high occurrence of hypothyroidism with raised serum prolactin levels among infertile females emphasizing the importance of estimating both serum TSH and prolactin in infertility. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 009. EPub date: 11 May 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47454 *Correspondence: Shamima Bari, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: shamima.bari@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection
of antibodies to recombinant truncated flagellin and sonicated whole cell
antigen of Burkholderia pseudomallei
in acute melioidosis and in healthy Bangladeshi individuals]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Tang Thean Hock</author><author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/348 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/348</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/348/AdminPDF/Jilani MSA p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/05/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 010</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Several types of Burkholderia pseudomallei antigens have been used to determine the antibody response in acute and asymptomatic cases. In the present study, we have detected immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to recombinant truncated flagellin antigen (RTFA) of B. pseudomallei in the sera of acute melioidosis cases and healthy individuals from melioidosis endemic areas of Bangladesh by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In parallel, IgG antibody to sonicated whole cell antigen (SWCA) of B. pseudomallei was determined to compare with anti-RTFA antibody. Methodology: Serum samples from culture confirmed melioidosis cases and from healthy individuals aged 21 years and above residing in melioidosis endemic rural areas were included in the study. Serum IgG antibody to RTFA and SWCA of B. pseudomallei was determined by indirect ELISA. Results: Out of 8 culture confirmed acute melioidosis cases, 7 (87.5%) and 8 (100%) were positive for anti-B. pseudomallei IgG antibodies by RTFA and SWCA methods respectively. Among 361 healthy individuals, the rate of seropositivity by RTFA-ELISA was significantly less than that of SWCA-ELISA (16.1% versus 26.8%; p = 0.001). The mean optical density (OD) of RTFA-ELISA of positive cases was significantly less than that of SWCA-ELISA in both melioidosis and healthy individuals (0.79±0.11 versus 2.4±0.08, p = 0.0001; 0.67±0.01 versus 1.27±0.02, p = 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of RTFA-ELISA were 88.9% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that multiple or combination of antigens should be used to study the seroprevalence of B. pseudomalleiinfection in a community. Also, prospective study is necessary to find out the duration of persistence of antibodies to different antigenic components of B. pseudomallei after exposure. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 010. EPub date: 31 May 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47455 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Elimination of measles by 2024: achievements and
challenges]]></title>
                    <author>Sabrina Afrin</author><author>Kazi Taib Mamun</author><author>Nabeela Mahboob</author><author>Hasina Iqbal</author><author>Hasnatul Jannat</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/340 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/340</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/340/AdminPDF/Afrin S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/04/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Measles is an infectious agent of viral origin with exceedingly high rate of transmissibility contributing to very high morbidity and mortality rates especially among children. Although measles is extremely infectious, control strategies of this virus used to be recognized as one of the most successful public health interventions ever undertaken. However, despite being vaccine-preventable disease measles has encountered an enormous resurgence as the rate of measles vaccination has declined and in many countries vaccination targets remain unmet and measles continues to claim hundreds of thousands of lives each year. This review discusses the reasons of the re-emergence of measles, the present global and Bangladesh situation and strategies that have been undertaken to combat this killer disease to eliminate measles globally by the year 2024. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 007. EPub date: 05 April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47456 *Correspondence: Sabrina Afrin, Department of Microbiology, Popular Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: sabrinaafrin19@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Tuberculosis – burden
and serodiagnosis]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Mohiuddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/341 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/341</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/05/341/AdminPDF/Mohiuddin M p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/04/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.14 No.1 - January 2020</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical features and demonstration of the organism by microscopy/culture are still the mainstay of diagnosis of tuberculosis. The present paper reviews the burden of TB and the role of serology in its diagnosis. IMC J Med Sci 2020; 14(1): 008. EPub date: 26 April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47457 Correspondence: Md. Mohiuddin, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: mohicmc@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Listerial contamination of raw beef and chevon in north-central Nigeria]]></title>
                    <author>Aleruchi Chuku</author><author>Godwin Attah Obande </author><author>Sani Bashir Eya</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/316 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/316</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/316/AdminPDF/Chuku A p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/03/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Listeria sp. is a ubiquitous and frequently isolated foodborne pathogen. The prevalence of Listeria sp in raw beef and chevon sold in Lafia Nigeria, as well as their antibiotic susceptibility profile was evaluated. Methods: A total 104 samples comprising of 52 raw beef and 52 chevon were obtained from street vendors (hawkers), Shinge abattoir, Lafia old market and Lafia Modern Market. Isolation of Listeria sp. was performed on Listeria Selective Agar, following enrichment in supplemented Listeria Selective Broth. Identification of Listeria sp. was carried out by cultural and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated L. monocytogenes was performed by standard disk diffusion method. Chi-square test was used to determine association between contamination levels at p=0.05. Results: Seven types of Listeria sp. were isolated. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii were the most frequently isolated contaminants in all meat types and from all sample sources. L. monocytogenes was isolated with a frequency of 64.4% (67/104) in the meat samples. Beef samples had the highest listerial contamination with a frequency of 58.2% (78/134) compared to chevon which had a listerial frequency of 41.8% (56/134). Resistance of L. monocytogenes to streptomycin and sparfloxacin was 58.2% and 55.2% respectively. Resistance to ampicillin (34.3%) and gentamicin (20.9%) was also observed. Resistances to multiple antimicrobials were detected in 11 L. monocytogenes isolates. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the raw meat sold in Lafia was contaminated with several Listeria sp. L. monocytogenes showed high rate of resistance to several antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of listerial infection. Appropriate regulation and monitoring of livestock rearing and meat retailing practices are advocated to safeguard the health of consumers. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 001. EPub date: 18 July 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45274 Address for Correspondence: Godwin Attah Obande, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. E-mail: obandegodwins@gmail.com; +2348039646924]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of hypothyroidism in different
occupational groups of Bangladeshi population]]></title>
                    <author>MA Sayeed</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>AHG Morshed</author><author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>M Mostafizur Rahaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/327 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/327</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/327/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/07/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and aims: Hypothyroidism is a common global endocrine disorder. The magnitude of hypothyroidism at community level in Bangladesh is unknown except some clinic-based studies. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in different occupational groups of Bangladeshi population and to assess the risks related to it. Study design: Three occupational groups (house-wives, college students, rickshaw-pullers) of native Bangladeshi population were purposively selected. Investigations included socio-demography, anthropometry, blood pressure and biochemistry [fasting blood glucose, lipids, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4)]. Laboratory tests were done only on a randomized sample of participants. Results: Overall, 626 (M/F=123 / 503) participants with a mean age of 35.9 (34.75 – 37.02) years volunteered. The mean values of all participant for TSH and FT4 were 2.08 (95%CI: 1.72 – 2.45) μiu/ml and 13.04 (95CI:12.86 – 13.22) pmol/L respectively. The third percentile of TSH ranged from 0.42 to 0.46 μiu/ml and 97th percentile ranged from 5.16 to 5.24 μiu/ml. For FT4, the 3rd and the 97th percentile were 10.3 and 16.41 pmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in both sexes was 7.0% (M/F=4.1/8.3%). Occupational groups, sex and increasing age, obesity, blood pressure, and lipids showed no association with hypothyroidism. Hyperglycemia was proved to be a significant risk for hypothyroidism (prevalence in diabetic vs. non-diabetic was12.9% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.04; FBG was correlated with TSH, r = 0.138, p <0.001). Conclusions: It is concluded that the prevalence of hypothyroidism was almost equal to other studies. Hypothyroidism was not related to increasing age, obesity, blood pressure and lipids. It was found to affect all sexes, all social classes and all occupational groups. Hyperglycemia was evidently found as significant risk for hypothyroidism. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 002. EPub date: 24 July 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45275 Address for Correspondence: Prof. M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection of Candida
auris and its antifungal susceptibility: first report from Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Subarna Dutta</author><author>Md. Hasibur Rahman</author><author>Kazi Shakhawath Hossain</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/328 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/328</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/328/AdminPDF/Dutta S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/08/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that has been associated with nosocomial infections with a high mortality. The organism has been reported from several countries of the world except Bangladesh. The present study describes the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: The A total of 100 Candida species isolated from different clinical samples were purposively included in the present study. Samples were obtained from patients attending a 750 bed hospital of Dhaka city. C. auris was identified by growth characteristics, biochemical and carbohydrate assimilation test and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing using ITS1 and ITS2 targeting the conserved regions of 5.8S rRNA. Antifungal susceptibility of identified C. auris was performed by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Results: Out of 100 Candida sp. tested, 21 isolates were identified as C. auris. Of the 21 C. auris, 14 (66.7%) were isolated from blood samples and the remaining 7 (33.4%) were from urine. Most of the C. auris isolated were from patients admitted in intensive care units.  Out of 21 C. auris, 17 (81.0%), 7 (33.3%) and 3 (14.3%) were sensitive to amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole respectively by disk diffusion method. Out of 14 fluconazole resistant isolates, 5 were susceptible dose-dependent (SS-D) by MIC method. Conclusion: The present study is the first report demonstrating the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Bangladesh. Majority of isolates showed resistance to fluconazole and variable susceptibility to other antifungal agents. Further study is suggested to find its true magnitude and its susceptibility pattern to a range of antifungal agents. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 003. EPub date: 05 August 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45276 Address for Correspondence: Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Professor of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of metformin on
blood lipids in patients with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Sabah Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/317 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/317</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/317/AdminPDF/Haq T p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/04/25</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Metformin improves macrovascular complications in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Although the exact mechanism is not known, metformin has beneficial effects on dyslipidaemia. The aim of the study was to find out if there was an effect of metformin on blood lipids in people with diabetes mellitus. Method: This was a cross-sectional study which included 80 patients with diabetes mellitus. They were divided into 2 groups – (a) Group 1: on metformin and (b) Group 2: without metformin medication. None of the patients were on any other anti-diabetic medication. All data were obtained from patients’ medical records. Individual blood lipids and lipid ratios were compared between two groups. Result: Group 1 included 42 patients with a mean HbA1c of 7.58 ± 0.24% taking an average dose of 820.83 ± 60.40 mg/day of metformin. Group 2 consisted of 38 patients with mean HbA1c of 7.58 ± 0.29%. There was no significant difference in individual plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein ratio or frequency of dyslipidaemia between patients taking and not taking metformin (p>0.05). Also, different doses of metformin had no significant effect on the plasma lipid levels. Conclusion: Metformin did not affect the lipid profile of patients with diabetes mellitus. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 004. EPub date: 22 August 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45277 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahniyah Haq, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Room 1620, 15th Floor, Block D, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: tahniyah81@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Polymorphonuclear neutrophil response to Burkholderia pseudomallei in patients
with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Sraboni Mazumder</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>K.M. Shahidul Islam</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/311 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/311/AdminPDF/Mazumder S p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/01/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease endemic in Bangladesh. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for increased susceptibility to B. pseudomallei infection. A few studies have been conducted to identify the underlying immunological mechanism responsible for increased susceptibility of individuals with diabetes mellitus to B. pseudomallei infection. The present study investigated the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) response to B. pseudomallei in terms of phagocytosis and early respiratory burst in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A total of 5 cases of DM and 5 age and sex matched non-diabetic healthy individuals were enrolled in the study to determine the early respiratory burst and phagocytic ability of PMN to B. pseudomallei. The effect of B. pseudomallei on phagocytic ability and early respiratory burst of PMN was determined by phagocytic assay and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test respectively. The response of PMN treated with B. pseudomallei was compared with that of Escherichia coli. Results: There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in phagocytosis of B. pseudomallei by PMN between diabetic and non-diabetic cases (21.8±4.64 percent vs 29.25±5.5 percent). But in both diabetic and non-diabetic cases, significantly (p˂0.05 and p˂0.01) reduced rate of phagocytosis of B. pseudomallei by PMN was observed compared to E. coli (21.8±4.64 vs 65±5.36; 29.25±5.5 vs 71.25±5.59). Similar results were obtained in terms of phagocytic index. Mean percentage of formazan positive PMN from diabetic cases was not significantly different (p>0.05) from non-diabetic healthy cases when cells were treated with B. pseudomallei or E. coli. In both diabetic and healthy individuals, mean percentage of formazan positive PMN treated by B. pseudomallei was not significantly different from that by E. coli. Conclusion: The observations revealed that B. pseudomallei was equally capable of inhibiting the phagocytic ability of PMN from both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. This anti-phagocytic property might play an important role in the pathogenesis of melioidosis. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 005. EPub date: 01 September 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45278 Address for Correspondence: Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Professor of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Vitamin
D status of healthy coastal fishermen of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque</author><author>Md. Faruque Pathan</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/329 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/329/AdminPDF/Haque WMM p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/09/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Vitamin D deficiency is now a global concern. Industrialization, urbanization and the decreasing participation in outdoor activities, with consequent sunlight deprivation, are thought to be the key factors in the increasing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among general population of many countries. It is presumed that healthy, adequately sun-exposed people should maintain adequate vitamin D levels. However, studies within this population are scarce. Hence, this study was conducted to find out the actual vitamin D status in healthy, adequately sun-exposed population living in coastal district of Bangladesh. Material and Methods: One hundred and forty healthy fishermen living in costal district of Cox’s Bazar (210 25&#39; North, 910 59&#39; East) of Bangladesh were enrolled in this study. Relevant data and blood samples were collected during August 2018, one of the months with lower zenith angle and higher UV index. Chemiluminescent micro-particle immunoassay (CMIA) was used to measure 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. Other relevant biochemical parameters measured were random blood glucose (RBG), serum creatinine, albumin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH). Results: Mean vitamin D level of the study population was 27.04±7.20 ng/ml. Based on the cut off value of Endocrine Society, 70.7% of the study population had low vitamin D levels of which 26 (18.6%) and 73 (52.1%) were in vitamin D deficient (<20ng/ml) and insufficient (20 – 29.99 ng/ml) categories respectively. Vitamin D level was normal in 41 (29.3%) subjects. There was no significant difference in iPTH level between groups with low and normal vitamin D levels (p>.05, 95%CI= -5.68226, 1.21086). Conclusion: The unexpectedly high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this healthy and adequately sun-exposed population raises the question regarding the validity of the current cutoff value being used to assess the vitamin D status of Bangladeshi population. Future studies should be carried out to determine nation-specific, local cutoff values for vitamin D sufficiency. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 006. EPub date: 21 September 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45279 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Wasim Md Mohosin Ul Haque, Associate Professor, Department of Nephrology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Email: wmmhaque@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Risk factors for peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes
mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Taslima Akter</author><author>Qazi Shamima Akhter</author><author>Zinat Ara Polly</author><author>Smita Debsarma</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/279 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/279/AdminPDF/Akter T p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/03/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objectives: Peripheral neuropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Several risk factors may accelerate the development of peripheral neuropathy in DM. The objective of the current study was to determine the risk factors for development of peripheral neuropathy in patients with DM. Methods: The study was conducted from July 2014 to June 2015 in a large hospital of Dhaka city. A total of 150 diabetic patients of both sexes with and without peripheral neuropathy were enrolled. The investigations included interviewing on clinical history, anthropometry (height, weight, waist- and hip-circumference), blood pressure measurement, estimation of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and lipids. Results: Duration of diabetes for more than 5 years was significantly (χ2=124.39, p <0.001) associated with peripheral neuropathy. Sequential logistic regression analysis revealed high BMI (> 25 Kg/m2; OR=8.8, p <0.001), HbA1c (>6.5%; OR=5.25, p<0.05) and higher total cholesterol level (> 200 mg/dl; OR=4.74, p <0.05) as the significant risk factors for peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: Obesity, hyperglycemia and high total cholesterol were possible risk factors for development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Proper glycemic control and prevention of obesity and dyslipidemia could be helpful to avert progression to peripheral neuropathy in diabetic population. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 007. EPub date: 23 November 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45285 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Taslima Akter, Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: taslimaakter783160@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Levocarnitine
in the management of fatigue in levothyroxine treated hypothyroid patients]]></title>
                    <author>Farjana Akhter</author><author>Zesmin Fauzia Dewan</author><author>M A Hasnat</author><author>Selina Akhter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/332 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/332/AdminPDF/Akhter F p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/01/14</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Hypothyroid patients often complain of fatigue even after effective treatment. Thyroid hormone plays an important role in carnitine-dependent long chain fatty acid transport for oxidation and ultimate formation of ATP. Deficiency of L-carnitine has been presumed to disrupt ATP formation leading to fatigue. Present study was designed to assess the role of L-carnitine as a supplement to manage the fatigue state of hypothyroid patients. Methods: Hypothyroid patients receiving levothyroxine (L-T4) and suffering from fatigue symptoms were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into Group A (Control group, n=35) and Group B (Experimental group, n=36). Patients of Group A were treated with L-T4 only and Group B patients received L-carnitine 2 g/day in addition to L-T4 therapy for 8 weeks. Fatigue was assessed by fatigue severity scale (FSS), physical fatigue (PF) and mental fatigue (MF) scores. Data regarding fatigue status, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were collected at the beginning and after 8 weeks of intervention. Result: The mean age of Group A and Group B patients was 33.5±8.1 and 35.4±7.5 years respectively (p>0.05); and the mean body weight was 61.5±9.6 kg and 62.5±8.2 kg respectively (p>0.05). The mean baseline values of different fatigue scores and the serum TSH and FT4 levels of patients of two groups were identical and not significantly different (p>0.05). In Group-A patients, the mean MF score improved significantly (5.2±1.5 vs 4.6±1.4; p=0.01) from baseline score after 8 weeks while the FSS and PF scores did not improve significantly (p>0.05). In Group-B patients, the mean FSS, PF and MF scores improved significantly (p<0.01) from baseline score after 8 weeks of treatment with L-carnitine along with L-LT4 treatment. FSS, PF and MF scores of Group-B patients reduced significantly (p<0.01) compared to Group-A patients after 8 weeks of treatment. FSS, PF and MF scores improved in 88.9%, 77.8% and 47.2% cases respectively in Group-B compared to 20%, 14.3% and 5.7% cases in Group-A. L-carnitine was well tolerated and no severe adverse event was recorded. Conclusion: The results suggest that, administration of L-carnitine along with L-T4 in hypothyroid patients significantly reduced physical and mental fatigue. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 008. EPub date: 15 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45286 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farjana Akhter, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Green Life Medical College, 31 & 31/1 Bir Uttam K.M. Shafiullah Sarak (Green Road), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: polynoble@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Postnatal
care services and factors affecting its utilization in slum areas of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Nilufar Yeasmin Nili</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/330 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/330/AdminPDF/Nili NY p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/11/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Maternal as well as infant mortality is high in Bangladesh. Utilization of post natal care (PNC) services is important to reduce maternal and infant mortality. Considering this matter, this study attempted to find out the level of PNC utilization by women living in slum areas of Dhaka city as well as to identify the factors associated with the utilization of PNC services. Methods: This study was conducted in Khilgaon and Rampura slums of Dhaka city. In each slum, women aged between 15-49 years who had given birth to at least one child were enrolled in the study by random sampling technique. Participants were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire which included information on socio-economic, demographic, cultural status as well as information on PNC service utilization. Results: Out of total 360 enrolled women in both slums, 58.6% utilized PNC services. The rate of utilization of PNC services was 55% and 62.2% in Khilgaon and Rampura slum respectively. Compared to 40-49 years age group, significantly (p<0.01) higher percentage of women aged <20, 20-29 and 30-39 years utilized PNC services (69.6%, 67.0% and 56.4% respectively). The significant associates of receiver of PNC were respondent’s education, number of antenatal care (ANC) received, level of tetanus vaccination, place of delivery, distance between home and clinic, mass media exposure, male participation and autonomy. Conclusion: Local socioeconomic and cultural aspects should be considered while planning intervention program to improve the utilization of PNC service. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 009. EPub date: 18 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45287 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Nilufar Yeasmin Nili, Medical Officer, Department of General Surgery, Mugda Medical College & Hospital, Mugda, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: nilidr@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal
treatment in a Bangladeshi population]]></title>
                    <author>Rafia Nazneen</author><author>Rajesh Karmaker</author><author>Gulnar Begum</author><author>Nurul Amin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/333 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/333/AdminPDF/Nazneen R p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2020/01/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.2 - July 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 009</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Root canal treatment (RCT) has a high rate of success, when performed by properly trained dental surgeons. However, the failure rate is inappreciably high when the same procedure is done by less experienced dental graduates having no specialization on endodontics. This study was conducted to evaluate the technical quality of RCT performed by practicing dental graduates on Bangladeshi patient. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Dentistry of BIRDEM General Hospital Dhaka over a period of 6 months from January to June 2019. Radiographs of patients who had undergone RCT in last 6 months were included in the study. Parameters used to evaluate the obturation of the root canal were presence of root-filled, posts and voids. The RCT was assessed for filling at the end of the root with radiographic apex, the density of the filling material and taper from the orifice to apex. The quality of RCT was evaluated as totally unacceptable (score: 0-2), poorly acceptable (score: 3-4), acceptable (score: 5) and perfect (score: 6) based on the treatment score.Post-treatment complications were determined by furcation and cavity wall perforation, transportation, root perforation, instrument breakage, ledge formation, voids and missed canal. Result: A total of 180 postoperative readable radiographs with post root-canal treatment were evaluated. Evaluation of the technical quality of RCT revealed that 56% of the RCTs were of standard quality (41.7% were of perfect quality and 14.4% were of acceptable quality). The rest 23.3% were poorly acceptable and 20.6% were totally unacceptable. Majority (92.8%) of the obturation of the root canal revealed that roots were filled with sealing materials; however, 8.9% exhibited posts and 36.7% demonstrated voids. A sizable portion of the root canal obturation was unacceptable in terms of its length (12.2%), density (20%) and tapering (16.7%). Total 132 (73.3%) teeth developed at least one complication. Under filling and voids were predominant complications (42.8% and 41.1% respectively) followed by root perforation (12.2%), transportation (11.7%), ledge formation (5%), instrument breakage (2.8%) and missed canal (3.3%). Conclusion: The study concluded that over forty percent of the RCTs performed by dental graduates having no specialization on endodontics are of substandard quality and hence not acceptable. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(2): 010. EPub date: 18 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45288 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Rafia Nazneen, Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM Genertal Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: dr.rafianazneen@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of helminthic infestations among Bangladeshi rural children and its trend since mid-seventies]]></title>
                    <author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Smita Debsarma</author><author>Subarna Dutta</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/301 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/301/AdminPDF/Afroz S p01-08.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/10/03</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 004</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Helminthic infestation is one of the commonest health problems in a developing country like Bangladesh. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of helminthic infestations, associated risk factors and its effects among the rural children in Bangladesh. The trend of helminthic infestation rate over time was also analyzed. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the rural primary school children of Sreepur Upazilla of Gazipur District. The area is located about 40 km north-east of capital Dhaka. A total of 593 students aged 5-13 years were enrolled from 5 primary schools. Out of 593 children, 204 agreed to provide fecal samples. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data by face to face interview method and several anthropometric measurements along with clinical examinations were also carried out. Helminth ova were detected by direct microscopy of fecal smear and floatation concentration methods. Data were analyzed using the software IBM SPSS (Version 20). Result: Out of 204, 80 (39.2%) children were infested with at least one species of helminth. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and mixed infection was 23%, 12.8% and 3.4% respectively. Overall prevalence of infection was higher among female students compared to male students (p<0.05). Living in mud-floor and thatch walled houses were significantly (p<0.05) associated with increased helminthic infestation. The risk behaviors commonly related to helminthic infestation revealed no difference between infected and non- infected groups of children. Height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), skin fold thickness, and waist and hip circumference of worm infested children were not significantly different from those without worm infestation. Conclusion: The results reflect that the deworming program of Sreepur Upazilla was not fully successful. Poor socio-economic condition and lack of awareness of personal hygiene played an important role in prevalence of parasite infestation. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 004. EPub date: 20 February 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42038 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sadya Afroz, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: dr.sadya_afroz@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Safety and feasibility of subarachnoid block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy]]></title>
                    <author>Mahmud Ekram Ullah</author><author>Md. Mushfiqur Rahman</author><author>Rajibul Haque Talukder</author><author>Refat Uddin Tareq</author><author>Md. Noor A Alam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/318 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/318/AdminPDF/Ullah ME p01-06.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/05/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 006</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Laparoscopic surgery is normally performed under general anesthesia (GA), but regional techniques like epidural or subarachnoid block (SAB) have been found beneficial in patients having associated major medical problems. In selected cases, it can be a safe alternative to GA. Hence, the present study was conducted to explore the safety and feasibility of SAB in otherwise healthy individuals undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Forty patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and fulfilling specific inclusion criteria were included in the study. All patients received a segmental (L2-L3 injection) SAB with 3 ml (0.5%) of bupivacaine and 25 microgram of fentanyl. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done by standard 4 port technique. Intra-abdominal pressure was kept low at 9-10 mm Hg using CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Patients were followed up at 30 minutes, 4 hours, at the time of discharge and on day 7 after operation. Any unwanted voluntary or involuntary movement or exaggerated diaphragmatic excursion during the operation was monitored. Operation time, operating room (OR) occupancy time, hospital stay, post-operative pain, analgesic requirement, nausea, vomiting, headache, right shoulder pain, wound-related complications and patient satisfaction were recorded. Results: SAB was effective for surgery in all 40 patients. Two patients required conversion to general anesthesia for persisting low oxygen saturation. Hypotension was recorded in 23.7% patients while 10.5% experienced right shoulder pain. Average operating time was 37.3 minutes (21 - 77 minutes). Awkward movement and exaggerated respiratory excursion was noted in 23.7% and 18.4% cases respectively. Only two cases had to undergo (conversion to) GA. Mean period of hospital stay was 29.3 hours. No incidence of any major complication occurred. Conclusion: This study showed that SAB could be used successfully and effectively for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in healthy patients and may be a safe alternative to GA. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 006. EPub date: 05 May 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42039 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mahmud Ekram Ullah, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000. E-mail: drmahmud50@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Respiratory and other illnesses among the jute-mill workers in an industrial unit of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>M. Abu Hana Golam Morshed</author><author>M. Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/323 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/323/AdminPDF/Rhaman MM p01-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/06/01</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and aims: Bangladesh produces 33% of the world’s jute and about 40 million people in Bangladesh are directly or indirectly involved in the jute sector. The jute (organic) dust inhalation causes byssinosis and other respiratory illnesses. However, no study has yet addressed the health status of the jute handlers/workers in Bangladesh. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory illnesses among the Jute Mill Workers (JMWs). Additionally, this study tried to find out the overall health status of the JMWs which included presence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and its related risk, which are usually ignored. Study design: A cross-sectional study conducted in a purposively selected jute mill - 40km off from Dhaka City. Of the 5500 workers, a list of 600 workers was provided by the mill authority for enrollment in the study. The investigations included – a) interviewing on socio-demography and clinical history; b) anthropometry (height, weight, waist- and hip-circumference); c) blood pressure measurement; d) estimation of fasting blood glucose and lipids; e) peak flow meter test; f) spirometry; g) high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) and electrocardiography. Results:Of the enlisted 600 jute mill workers, 514 (men / women = 478 / 36) took part in the study. The response rate was 85%. For overall estimate of bio-physical characteristics (n = 514), the means (95% confidence interval) of age, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 44.19 (43.34 – 45.04) years, 24.44 (24.16 – 24.73), 0.90 (0.90 – 0.91), 118.9 (117.4 – 120.4), 79.69 (78.81 – 8/0.54), respectively. Regarding social class and education, 84.4% were from non-affluent (poor) class and 50% were illiterate. About 88% of the JMWs had been working for ≥42 hours a week and 91.6% were exposed to moderate or heavy work (equivalent to ≥60 min walk). The prevalence of breathlessness, tightness of chest and chronic cough were 16.5%, 25.7% and 16.3%, respectively. The restrictive and obstructive pulmonary functions were detected in 7.0% and 0.8% of study population respectively. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 16.5%, diastolic hypertension was 7.2% and diabetes (IFG+DM) was 13.3%. They had increased cardiovascular risks – hypertriglyceridemia (23.9%) and hypercholesterolemia (24.3%). Conclusions: JMWs have been suffering mostly from respiratory illnesses and a substantial number of them suffer from undiagnosed hypertension, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases. Dyslipidemia was also prevalent as a potential risk factor. The study could not assess ocular, auditory, musculoskeletal and mental health and it suggests that a well designed study should address these health related problems of JMWs. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 007. EPub date: 01 June 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42040 Address for Correspondence: Prof. M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Management of non-absorbable mesh infection after hernia repair by negative pressure wound therapy]]></title>
                    <author>Amreen Faruq</author><author>HM Sabbir Raihan</author><author>Muhtarima Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/324 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/324/AdminPDF/Faruq A p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/06/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 008</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Mesh infection following hernia repair has previously often resulted in removal of mesh. The aim of this study was to evaluate if negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) can be used to treat such complications and preserve the mesh. Materials and method: A prospective study was carried in the Department of Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital from January 2017 to January 2019. Patients with deep wound infection and exposed infected mesh after hernioplasty were included in the study. Patients’ demographics, existing comorbidities and outcome were recorded. All patients were treated with NPWT till the wound was covered with healthy granulation tissue and closed. Results: NPWT was used to treat 7 patients with mesh infection following hernia repair. There was 2 male and 5 female cases and age ranged from 38-58 years. With NPWT the mesh in 6 patients (86%) out of 7 could be completely salvaged and wound closed with secondary suturing. However, in 1 patient although the mesh covered with granulation tissue by NPWT and wound was closed; but it had to be partly removed later on due to development of chronic discharging sinus 20 days after stitch removal. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that NPWT was a useful technique for the treatment and preservation of infected mesh after hernia repair. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 008. EPub date: 20 June 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42041 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Amreen Faruq, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000. E-mail: dramreen78@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A rare case of isolated tuberculous epididymitis in a young man]]></title>
                    <author>Majed Basit Momin</author><author>Sandeep Satyanarayana</author><author>Anamika Aluri</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/314 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/314/AdminPDF/Momin MB p01-04.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/02/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 003</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Genitourinary tuberculosis is the second most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis (ETB), after lymph nodes. Isolated tuberculous epididymitis (ITE) is a rare entity among genitourinary tuberculosis and is defined as epididymitis without clinical evidence of either renal or prostate involvement. We present a case of epididymal tuberculosis in a 26 year old male which presented as a right scrotal mass. We discussed this case to emphasize that tuberculous etiology should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrotal mass besides malignancy, and an image guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and stain for acid fast bacilli (AFB) play crucial role in diagnosis and treatment. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 003. EPub date: 11 February 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42047 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Majed B Momin, Consultant Pathologist, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yashoda hospital, Malakpet, Nalgonda x-roads, Hyderabad – 500036, India. Email: majedmomin9@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Spontaneous hypoglycemia: a review]]></title>
                    <author>Sultana Marufa Shefin</author><author>Nazmul Kabir Qureshi</author><author>Ahmed Salam Mir</author><author>Ahasnul Haq Amin</author><author>Tareen Ahmed</author><author>Faria Afsana</author><author>Md. Shah Alam</author><author>Farhana Akter</author><author>Md. Shah Emran</author><author>Tanjina Hossain</author><author>Md. Shahjamal Khan</author><author>Marufa Mustari</author><author>Nusrat Sultana</author><author>Mohammad Saifuddin</author><author>Sadiqa Tuqan</author><author>Shahjada Selim</author><author>Samir Kumar Talukder</author><author>Rafiq Uddin</author><author>Md. Feroz Amin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/312 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/312/AdminPDF/Shefin SM p01-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/01/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 001</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Spontaneous hypoglycemia is an important entity that may affect multiple organs. The differential diagnosis is broad in individuals with hypoglycemia in the absence of diabetes mellitus. Multiple etiologies may be present concurrently. Drugs, critical illnesses, hormone deficiencies, and non-islet cell tumors should be considered in those who are ill or taking medications. In apparently healthy individuals, endogenous hyperinsulinism due to insulinoma, functional β-cell disorders, or insulin autoimmune conditions are possible, as are accidental, surreptitious or factitious causes of hypoglycemia. Investigations should be guided by clinical scenario. Irrespective of the exact cause of the spontaneous hypoglycemia, treatment consists of correcting the glycemic state and preventing recurrence by alleviating underlying pathology. This review discusses the causes, diagnosis and management of spontaneous hypoglycemia. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 001. EPub date: 24 January 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42048 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sultana Marufa Shefin, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: shefin_neon@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
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                    <title><![CDATA[Brown Adipose Tissue - role in metabolic disorders]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Frank Joseph Ong</author><author>Sarah Kanji</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/307 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/307/AdminPDF/Haq T p01-07.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/11/25</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 002</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Brown adipose tissue, a thermogenic organ, previously thought to be present in only small mammals and children has recently been identified in adult humans. Located primarily in the supraclavicular and cervical area, it produces heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation due to the unique presence of uncoupling protein 1 by a process called nonshivering thermogenesis. BAT activity depends on many factors including age, sex, adiposity and outdoor temperature. Positron-emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and computed tomography (18F-FDG PET–CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and thermal imaging (IRT) are among several methods used to detect BAT in humans. The importance of BAT is due to its role in whole body energy expenditure and fuel metabolism. Thus it is postulated that it may be useful in the treatment of metabolic diseases. However, there are still many unanswered questions to the clinical usefulness of this novel tissue. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 002. EPub date: 03 February 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42049 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahniyah Haq, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Room 1620, 15th Floor, Block D, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tel phone: 01677791735, email tahniyah81@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A systematic review of implicit bias in health care: A call for intersectionality]]></title>
                    <author>Oluwabunmi Ogungbe</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Joni K. Roberts</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/315 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/315/AdminPDF/Ogungbe O p01-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/03/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.13 No.1 - January 2019</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 005</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Health disparities are a growing concern in health care. Research provides ample evidence of bias in patient care and mistrust between patient and providers in ways that could perpetuate health care disparities. This study aimed to review existing literature on implicit bias (or unconscious bias) in healthcare settings and determine studies that have considered adverse effects of bias of more than one domain of social identity (e.g., race and gender bias) in health care. Methods: This is a systematic review of articles using databases such as EBSCO, Embase, CINAHL, COCHRANE, Google Scholar, PsychINFO, Pub Med, and Web of Science. Search terms included implicit bias, unconscious bias, healthcare, and public health. The inclusion criteria included studies that assessed implicit bias in a healthcare setting, written in English, and published from 1997-2018. Results: Thirty-five articles met the selection criteria – 15 of which examined race implicit bias, ten examined weight bias, four assessed race and social class, two examined sexual orientation, two focused on mental illness, one measured race and sexual orientation, and another investigated age bias. Conclusions: Studies that measured more than one domain of social identity of an individual did so separately without investigating how the domains overlapped. Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a widely used psychological test which is used to determine existence of an implicit bias in an individual. However, this study did not find any use of an instrument that could assess implicit bias toward multiple domains of social identities. Because of possible multiplicative effects of several biases affecting a single entity, this study suggests the importance of developing a tool in measuring intersectionality of biases. IMC J Med Sci 2019; 13(1): 005. EPub date: 13 March 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v13i1.42050 Address for Correspondence: Amal K. Mitra, Professor of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 West Woodrow Wilson Drive, Room 216,Jackson, MS 39213; e-mail: amal.k.mitra@jsums.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Vitamin D and bone mineral density status among postmenopausal Bangladeshi women]]></title>
                    <author>A.K.M. Shaheen Ahmed</author><author>Wasim Md. Mohosin Ul Haque</author><author>Khwaja Nazim Uddin</author><author>Fadlul Azim Abrar</author><author>Farhana Afroz</author><author>Hasna Fahmima Huque</author><author>Samira Rahat Afroze</author><author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/278 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/278/AdminPDF/Ahmed AKMS p44-49.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/03/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 44-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Low vitamin D is a global problem in all age groups as is osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The present study was carried out in an urban hospital to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women (PMW) and to evaluate correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and BMD. Methods: A single center cross-sectional study was conducted among 133 apparently healthy PMW aged 45 years and above with the history of complete cessation of menstruation over a period of more than 1 year. Serum 25(OH)D, BMD and serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were determined. Patients having both vitamin D and BMD values were analyzed for correlations. Similarly, correlation of vitamin D, iPTH and BMD were determined. Results:  Among the study population, 63 (47.4%) had deficient (<20 ng/ml), 46 (34.6%) had insufficient (20-30ng/ml) and 24(18%) had sufficient (30-100ng/ml) levels of serum 25(OH)D. Among the 121 patients whose BMD was done, 52 (43.0%) and 60 (49.6%) had osteoporosis and osteopenia respectively. Serum iPTH levels were normal in 34 (89.5%) patients. The proportion of osteopenia and osteoporosis in vitamin D deficient group were 44.1% and 50.8% and in insufficient group 47.5 and 45.0%, respectively. Age had significant negative correlation with BMD value (r=-0.246, p=.005) and significant positive correlation with serum iPTH (r=0.358, p=.024). There was no statistically significant influence of serum 25(OH)D or iPTH on occurrence of osteoporosis (P=0.322 and P=0.592 respectively). Conclusion: A large proportion of postmenopausal women had low vitamin D levels and as well as osteopenia and osteoporosis. Low vitamin D level coexisted with low BMD. However, there was no correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and BMD status. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 44-49. EPub date: 05 March 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39660 AKMSA & WMMH contributed equally to this study. Address for Correspondence: Dr. A.K.M. Shaheen Ahmed, Associate Professor,Department of Internal Medicine, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh;  Email: akm_shaheen@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Morbidity and drug prescribing patterns at a rural primary health care center of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhahman</author><author>Niru Sultana</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/268 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/268/AdminPDF/Momtaz H p50-56.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/09/17</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 50-56</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Health Policy of Bangladesh have repeatedly been emphasizing on the use of essential drugs prescribed by generic names. The prescription monitoring studies provide a bridge between areas like rational use of drugs and evidence based medicine. Knowledge on distribution and burden of diseases in a community is essential for planning rational use of drugs in a community. The present study tried to determine the morbidity profile anddrug prescribing practices of healthcare providers in a rural primary health care. Methods:The study was conducted at a rural health center located 50 Km north of capital city Dhaka. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting data on socio-demographic conditions, clinical complaints and types of drugs prescribed. WHO prescribing indicators was used to find out the drug prescribing pattern. Results: A total of 583 patients were enrolled. Problems related to respiratory system (21.1%), musculoskeletal system (17.3%) and skin diseases (11.1%) were common reasons for visiting health centre. Oral drugs were prescribed with highest proportion (96.1%). More than half (62.6%) of the drugs were prescribed from essential drug list. About half (49.1%) were antibiotics and 45.6% of the drugs were prescribed in their generic name. Anti-microbial (64.5%), anti-peptic ulcer (43.1%) and NSAIDs (42.5%) were most frequently prescribed. Out of five WHO core prescription indicators, four were below the acceptable values. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that there is an urgent need to promote rational use of drugs among the healthcare providers. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 50-56. EPub date: 08 March 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39661 HM & NT contributed equally to this study. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Hasina Momtaz, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: dr.shapna@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Factors influencing knowledge and practice of self-medication among college students of health and non-health professions]]></title>
                    <author>Amal K. Mitra</author><author>Ayyub Imtiaz</author><author>Yusuf A. Al-Ibrahim</author><author>Mohammad B. Bulbanat</author><author>Maha F. Al-Mutairi</author><author>Sulaiman F. Al-Musaileem</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/292 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/292/AdminPDF/Mitra AK p57-68.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/06/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 57-68</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Self-medication is commonly practiced throughout the world. The aim of this study was to ascertain the use prevalence and knowledge of harmful effects of self-medication among college students of health professions and non-health professions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among 1,167 students from 12 faculties of a public university and two private universities in Kuwait. Data were collected using a self-administered pretested questionnaire containing 32 questions. Results: Among the participants, 70.4% (822/1,167) used self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication was significantly higher among students of non-health professions compared with those of health professions (35.9% vs. 25.9%, p = 0.004, 95% CI, 6.28% to 13.73%, respectively). Pain killer medicines (52.9%), vitamins/minerals (13.1%), and antihistamines (9.0%) were the most commonly used non-prescription medications. Antibiotics and sleeping pills were used without a prescription in 2.9% and 2.1%, respectively. Older age, non-Kuwaiti national, and students of 5th to 7th year of study were significant predictors of self-medication. Knowledge scores of harmful effects of self-medication were about two-fold higher among females than their male counterparts. Similarly, students of higher years of study (5th to 7th year) had higher knowledge score compared with others. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication was alarmingly high among young adults in Kuwait. People should be informed about adverse effects of self-medication through mass and social media campaign. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 57-68. EPub date: 19 June 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39662 Address for Correspondence: Prof. Amal K. Mitra, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Dr., PO Box 17038, Jackson, MS 39213, E-mail: amal.k.mitra@jsums.edu]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Status of implementation of short answer question in anatomy examination of MBBS course in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Jesmin Akhter</author><author>Sharmina Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/297 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/297/AdminPDF/Akhter J p69-72.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/08/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 69-72</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Short answer question (SAQ) format has been introduced as a major component of summative professional examinations of MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery) course in Bangladesh over a decade. No systematic evaluation has yet been conducted on implementation of SAQ as directed in curriculum to assess the medical students in the summative examination of MBBS course. The present study assessed the weightage given to the different components of cognitive domain in SAQs in anatomy in first Professional MBBS Examination under the University of Dhaka. Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Ibrahim Medical College. Anatomy SAQ papers, Paper I and Paper II, from January 2009 to July 2014 of University of Dhaka were selected. A total of 24 SAQ papers containing 572 questions were included in this study. Every question in a paper was categorized as recall, understanding application types. Then the total number of marks allocated for each of the type of questions were calculated and compared with the total marks (98) allocated for the questions in a paper. Then the resultant weightage of marks were compared with the curricular directive weightage of marks allotted for SAQ. Result: On analysis it was found that during the period from 2009 to 2014 76.58% and 23.42% SAQ were recall and understanding types respectively. No question was found to assess the application component of the cognitive domain of the students. Conclusion: The study revealed that SAQ introduced as an assessment tool in undergraduate medical curriculum was not properly implemented and its desired objectives were not fully achieved. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 69-72. EPub date: 19 August 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39663 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Jesmin Akhter, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E mail: jesminakhterlina@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Naima Ahmed</author><author>Nehlin Tomalika</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>Md. Mahmudul Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/309 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/309/AdminPDF/Ahmed N p73-79.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/12/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 73-79</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) perpetually affects the quality of life. This non-communicable lifelong disease usually develops micro and macro-vascular complications affecting vital organs. Thus, it reduces the functional capability of health as assessed by the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measuring tools. It is not known, how much HRQOL of the diabetic population in Bangladesh is affected. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to estimate the levels of HRQOL of cases with DM attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. The study considered socioeconomic condition, nutritional status, duration of diabetes and treatment modalities while analyzing the HRQOL. Methods: This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city from July 2016 to June 2017. Patients with DM were considered eligible and were recruited. Those who were found to have complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension and stroke were excluded based on previous investigations. Once selected, the study protocol was described to each of the diabetic patients. If agreed, the participant was interviewed. Short Form health survey questionnaire (SF-36) was used for assessment of HRQOL. The assessment of physical health components included physical function, role physical, body pain, and general health. Mental health components were emotion, vitality and social function. Results: A total of 150 diabetic patients (m/f: 80/70) were included in the study. Comparisons of demographic variables between male and female participants showed no significant difference. As regards HRQOL, physical function score was significantly reduced among those who had diabetes for more than 10 years (p=0.049). General health component was significantly impaired among those who had higher BMI (<30kg/m2; p= 0.016) and post-prandial hyperglycemia. Longer duration of DM (>10yrs) and higher BMI significantly reduced components of mental health quality. Conclusion: The study revealed that the overall physical and mental quality of life was significantly affected by longer duration of diabetes, obesity and glycemic status. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 73-79. EPub date: 31 December 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39666 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Naima Ahmed, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, E-mail: drnaima1911@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Correlation of serum intact parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase in diabetic chronic kidney disease stage 3 to 5 patients with mineral bone disorders]]></title>
                    <author>Mehruba Alam Ananna</author><author>Wasim Md. Mohosin Ul Haque</author><author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author><author>Tufayel Ahmed Chowdhury</author><author>Tabassum Samad</author><author>Md. Mostarshid Billah</author><author>Sarwar Iqbal</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/310 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/310/AdminPDF/Ananna MA p80-85.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2019/01/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 80-85</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst diabetic patients is a worldwide public health problem. It is associated with cardiovascular disease and CKD mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Cardiovascular and MBD are important contributors of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are two important markers to identify and mange CKD-MBD. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between serum iPTH and alkaline phosphatase in diabetic CKD stages 3-5 patients with MBD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2013 to December 2014. Diabetic patients suffering from stage 3-5 CKD with MBD and not on dialysis, were consecutively and purposively included in this study. Along with base-line characteristics, clinical and laboratory data including serum alkaline phosphatase and iPTH levels were recorded for all patients. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0 and Pearson’s correlation test was applied to evaluate the relationship between iPTH and serum ALP. Results: Total patients were 306, of which 166 (54.2%) were males and 140 females (45.8%). Mean age of the study population was 56.5±11.3 years. Mean duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) and CKD were 12.8±7.6 and 2.9±1.7 years respectively. Among the study population, 49 (16.0%) were in CKD stage 3, 90 (29.4%) in stage 4 and rest 167 (54.6%) in stage 5. The mean HbA1c level did not differ significantly (p>0.05 by ANOVA) amongst CKD-MBD stage 3, 4 and 5 cases. Mean±SE values of glycated haemoglobin (HbAlc %), serum creatinine (mg/dl), urea (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), phosphate (mg/dl), ALP (U/L) and iPTH (pg/ml) of total study population were 7.77±0.12, 6.8±0.17, 141.1±4.33, 8.1±0.07, 5.2±0.11, 164.1±7.74 and 229.7±8.64 respectively. Out of total cases, serum ALP was raised in only 53.9% CKD-MBD cases compared to 76.8% for iPTH. Serum iPTH level was found elevated in 79.6%, 83.3% and 72.5% CKD-MBD stage 3, 4 and 5 cases respectively while in comparison, serum ALP was found raised in 44.8%, 54.4% and 56.2% cases respectively. On correlation analysis between serum iPTH and ALP, the r values observed were 0.074, 0.231 and 0.046 for stage 3, 4 and 5 CKD-MBD cases respectively. Conclusion: The results of current study showed that most diabetic stage 3-5 pre-dialysis CKD-MBD patients had raised serum iPTH. In comparison, significantly low number of cases had raised serum ALP. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 80-85. EPub date: 31 December 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39665 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mehruba Alam Ananna, Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: ananna0701@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Nephrotic-range proteinuria in a patient with dengue fever: a case report from Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Shapur Ikhtaire</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/298 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/298</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/298/AdminPDF/Ikhtaire S p86-89.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/09/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.2 - July 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 86-89</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[We report a case of nephrotic range proteinuria with 24-hour urine protein level of 18.3 g/day, which developed following dengue fever (DF). The patient did not exhibit classical features of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and his renal function was not compromised during his illness. Proteinuria resolved without any specific treatment and precluded renal biopsy. Though the dengue fever and associated renal disorders are self-limiting, renal involvement in severe dengue infection is growingly seen in recent years and could cause increased mortality and long-term morbidity. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(2): 86-89. EPub date: 06 September 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i2.39667 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shapur Ikhtair, Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU); Email: ikhtaireshapur@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in women with infertility in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Shamima Bari</author><author>Rokeya Begum</author><author>Qazi Shamima Akter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/246 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/246</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/246/AdminPDF/Bari S p01-05.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 01-05</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Infertility is a global health problem including Bangladesh. Altered prolactin, follicle (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) levels have been implicated as a cause of infertility. The present study was undertaken to find out the serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in women with primary and secondary infertility. Methods: The study involved a total of 100 women of which 50 had primary (Group A) and another 50 had secondary (Group B) infertility. Fifty fertile age-matched women were included as control (Group C). All the study participants were selected from women attending the infertility unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Serum prolactin, FSH and LH hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay with blood collected on the 2nd day of menstrual cycle. Results: The mean serum prolactin level was significantly higher (Compared to women with secondary sterility, significantly (p<0.05%) higher number of cases with primary sterility (30% vs. 54%) had FSH level below the normal range. On the other hand, 28% cases with secondary sterility had LH level below the normal range compared to 10% in primary sterility group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that there was alteration of serum prolactin, FSH and LH levels in women with primary and secondary sterility. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 01-05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35169 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Shamima Bari, Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. E-mail: shamima.bari@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinical profile, degree of severity and underlying factors of acute pancreatitis among a group of Bangladeshi patients]]></title>
                    <author>Indrajit Kumar Datta</author><author>Md Nazmul Haque</author><author>Tareq M Bhuiyan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/266 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/266</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/266/AdminPDF/Datta IK p06-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/08/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 06-10</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Acute pancreatitis is a common condition for hospital admission. In Bangladesh, no study has yet investigated the clinical profile, degree of severity and underlying factors of acute pancreatitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical profile, degree of severity and underlying factors of acute pancreatitis in a cohort of Bangladeshi patients. Methods: This prospective study was conducted from April 2016 to March 2017 on patients admitted with acute pancreatitis at Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. History and clinical features of each patient was systematically recorded. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made by clinical findings, serum amylase and lipase levels (> 3 times the upper limit of normal values), evidences of acute pancreatitis by ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). Severity of acute pancreatitis was classified according to the revised version of Atlanta classification. Results: A total of 40 patients with acute pancreatitis were enrolled in the study. Male and female were equally distributed. The mean age was 44.3±2.7 years. Among 40 cases, 26 (65.0%) and 14 (35%) had moderate and severe acute pancreatitis respectively. No specific clinical feature including ascites or pleural effusion was found significantly related to severity of the disease. Gall stone and metabolic (hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercalcemia) causes were present in 62.5% cases, but none had significant association with the severity of the disease. Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated that no specific observed clinical feature or underlying factor was related to the degree of severity of acute pancreatitis in a cohort of Bangladeshi patients. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 06-10 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35170 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Indrajit Kumar Datta, Assistant Professor, Department of Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorder, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevention of peptic ulcer by aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaf in rats]]></title>
                    <author>Sharmin Rahman</author><author>Mohammad Rezaul Quader</author><author>Md. Ismail Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/267 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/267</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/267/AdminPDF/Rahman S p11-14.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/08/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 11-14</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Aegle marmelos (Bael), a medicinal plant, has been widely used indigenously to treat many diseases in Bangladesh and other countries. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of A. marmelos leaf to prevent ethanol induced gastric ulcer in a rat model. Methods: Thirty two Wister albino rats of either sex, weighing between 100-150g, were fed 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of A. marmelos leaves one hour prior to oral administration of 90% ethanol (1 ml/200 gm body weight) to induce gastric ulcer. The animals were sacrificed after one hour and ulcer scores and index were determined. The protective efficacy of A. marmelos aqueous extract was expressed as percentage protection of ulcer. Results: Aqueous extract exhibited significant (p<0.05) dose dependent protection against gastric ulcer formation by ethanol in rat stomach. Percentage protection of ulcer with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of A. marmelos leave were 19.3% and 37.2% respectively compared to standard anti-peptic ulcer drug omeprazole (50.4%). Conclusion: Thus, crude extracts of A. marmelos leave have been shown to have potential ability to prevent experimentally induced peptic ulcer formation in animal model. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 11-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35171 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sharmin Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: sharminrahman241980@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Factors associated with non-response to lactulose therapy in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy]]></title>
                    <author>Shireen Ahmed</author><author>Md. Golam Azam</author><author>Indrajit Kumar Datta</author><author>Md. Nazmul Hoque</author><author>Tareq M Bhuiyan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/231 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/231</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/231/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p15-21.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 15-21</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) impairs health related quality of life and predicts overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in cirrhotic patients. Lactulose is effective in the treatment of MHE. But the response to lactulose treatment depends on several factors. This study was aimed to find out the contributing factors to non-response to lactulose therapy. Materials and methods: The study was carried out at the BIRDEM general hospital from September, 2013 to March, 2015. Sixty patients were enrolled to assess the response of lactulose therapy in cirrhotic patients with MHE. MHE was diagnosed based on abnormal psychometric tests namely, number connection test (NCT), digit symbol test (DST) and high serum ammonia level. A daily dose of 30-60 ml of lactulose was given to all patients for one month. The response to treatment with regard to MHE was determined after one month using defined criteria. The response was graded as responder and non-responder. Results: The mean age of the study population was 57.0±10.3 years. Out of 60 cases, 46 (77%) were male and 39 (65%) had diabetes. Out of 60 enrolled MHE cases, 16 (27%) had Child-Turcotte-Pugh-A (CTP-A) score and 44 (73%) belonged to CTP-B & C category. Out of 60 MHE cases, 23 (38.3%) showed improvement in their MHE status based on normalization of psychometric tests and reduction of serum ammonia level to ≤32 µmol/L. Age, gender and diabetes were not associated with the response to lactulose therapy. Low baseline arterial pressure was significantly (p=0.003) associated with non-response to lactulose treatment. The mean baseline ammonia level was higher significantly among the non-responders compared to the responders (83.6±21.4 µmol/L vs 58.8±19.8 µmol/L, p<0.001). Compared to responders, low serum sodium and potassium and raised serum bilirubin levels of non-responders at baseline were found significantly (p<0.05) associated with non-response to one month of lactulose treatment. Initial hemoglobulin, peripheral leucocyte and platelet counts did not have any effect on the response to lactulose treatment in MHE cases. Conclusions:The status of MHE in patients with cirrhosis improved by one-month treatment with lactulose. Baseline low arterial pressure, hyperammonemia, hypokalemia and hyponatremia were major contributors to non-response to lactulose therapy. The findings of the study would be useful in treating patients of cirrhosis with MHE. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 15-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35172 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shireen Ahmed, Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: a.alwasi15@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pattern of ear nose and throat diaseses in a tertiary hospital of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Badhan Kumar Dey</author><author>Anamika Datta</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/269 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/269</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/269/AdminPDF/Dey BK p22-26.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/10/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 22-26</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: The magnitude of health problems related to ear, nose and throat (ENT) in Bangladesh has not been estimated in a larger scale and very little is known about the prevalence and types of ENT diseases. Some studies, however, addressed the prevalence of otitis among school children and very few of them reported hearing defect. This study aims to assess the overall types of ENT diseases encountered by the otolaryngologists at a referral or tertiary hospital. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM). All patients registerd in the ENT-OPD from January to April in 2017 were included in the study for analysis. Diseases were diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, general and systemic examinations and relevant laboratory and imaging investigations. Results: A total of 435 (M:F=177:258) registered patients were analyzed. 44 0f them had no ENT diseases. Diseases of ear showed the highest prevalence (41.1%) followed by that of throat (31.7%) and nose (17.1%). There was no significant difference in ear and nose diseases between male and female groups. The throat diseases were significantly higher in female than the male group (37.2% vs.22.6%, p=0.018). Regarding infections of the specific organs: suppurative otitis media was the most common (acute and chronic suppurative otitis media 25.5%) followed by tonsillitis (7.1%), rhinitis (4.4%) and sinusitis (1.4%). These infections showed no significant difference between male and female patients; neither there was any significant difference between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Conclusion: Diseases of ear were most common followed by throat and nose. Both acute and chronic otitis media constituted one-fourth of all registered cases. The diabetic patients showed no increased risk for ENT diseases. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 22-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35173 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Badhan Kumar Dey, Registrar, Department of ENT & Head-Neck Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka. E-mail: badhan407@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Neovaginoplasty using sigmoid colon flap technique]]></title>
                    <author>Mohammed Rashedul Islam</author><author>Anjan Kumar Deb</author><author>Farzana Bilquis Ibrahim</author><author>Raihan Anwar</author><author>Md Anwarul Islam</author><author>Morshed Uddin Akand</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/237 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/237</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/237/AdminPDF/Islam MR p27-31.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 27-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Vaginoplasty is a procedure for the reconstruction of vaginal canal. Various surgical techniques have been described for vaginal reconstruction with variable success. The aim of this study was to assess the use of sigmoid colon in vaginal reconstruction of patients with disorders of sex development. Methods: Eleven patients were included in this study from January 2009 to December 2016. All patients underwent karyotyping, pelvi-abdominal ultrasonography, endocrine and psychiatric assessment. Sigmoid neo-vaginoplasty was the procedure chosen for all the cases. Surgical and functional outcomes were assessed post-operatively over a period of 6 month to 6 years. Results: The preoperative diagnosis included 9 cases of aplasia of the Mullerian ducts or Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), 1 androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and 1 pseudohermaphrodite case. The mean age of the study population was 22.5 years (range 15-30 yrs). No intra-operative or early postoperative complications occurred. The mean vaginal length achieved was 13.0 cm (range 10.5 – 15 cm). Long term follow-up showed introital stenosis in 2 cases (17%) which resolved well to vaginal dilatation. One patient had pelvic abscess and treated by surgery. Sexual satisfaction was achieved in 10 cases, as 1 case was unmarried. Conclusion: For patients with disorders of sex development of various etiologies, sigmoid vaginoplasty is the preferred technique for vaginal reconstruction. It is a safe technique and provides the patient with a cosmetic neovagina of adequate caliber with satisfactory functional outcome. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 27-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35175 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mohammed Rashedul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, Room No. 1119, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka – 1000. Email: rashedplastic@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Gram-negative organisms: hospital prevalence and comparison of double disc synergy and E-test methods]]></title>
                    <author>Mili Rani Saha</author><author>Sanya Tahmina Jhora</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/270 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/270</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/270/AdminPDF/Saha MR p32-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 32-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Emergence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria is a major public health concern. Detection of multi drug resistant (MDR) ESBL producing organisms is necessary to prevent its spread and effective treatment. The purpose of the present study was to determine the magnitude of ESBL producing organism in hospital setting and to compare the suitability of double disc synergy test (DDST) and cefepime-clavulanate E-test method for the detection of ESBL producing organisms in routine microbiology laboratory. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from January 2011 to December 2011. Clinical samples included urine and pus from patients with suspected urinary tract and wound infections respectively. Standard microbiological methods were employed for isolation and identification of the organisms. DDST and E-test were used to detect ESBL producing Gram negative organisms. Results: A total of 186 Gram-negative organisms were isolated from various samples. Among the 186 Gram negative bacteria, 120 (64.5%) were Esch. coli while 33 (17.7%), 20 (10.8%) and 11 (5.9%) were Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp and Proteus sp respectively. Out of total 186 isolates, 77 (41.4%) and 73 (39.2%) isolates were found ESBL producers by DDST and E-test method (p=0.674) respectively. Compared to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus, significantly high (p<0.01) proportion of Klebsiella were ESBL positive by both DDST and E-test methods. The detection rate of ESBL producing organisms was not significantly different by DDST and E-test (41.4% vs 39.2%). Non-determinable result was obtained for 4 (2.2%) isolates by E-test method. Conclusion: In our present study, a substantially large number of clinical isolates were found ESBL producers. Compared to E-test, DDST was found as a reliable, convenient and inexpensive method for detection of ESBL producing organism in routine microbiology laboratory practice. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 32-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35176 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mili Rani Saha, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, Email: milisaha77@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Distribution of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase
producing Acinetobacter baumannii in
patients with ventilator associated respiratory tract infection]]></title>
                    <author>Shahida Akter</author><author>SM Shamsuzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/258 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/258</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/258/AdminPDF/Akter S p37-41.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 37-41</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Ventilator-associated respiratory tract infection (VARTI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the critically ill patients of intensive care units (ICU). Acinetobacter baumannii, an important offending pathogen in VARTI, has been found to be resistant to several antibiotics including carbapenems. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) producing A. baumannii causing VARTI among the patients admitted in an ICU of a large tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study was conducted from July 2013 to June 2014. Endotracheal aspirates (ETA) were collected from patients with clinically suspected VARTI. Samples were collected from patients who were on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. ETA samples were cultured aerobically and isolated A. baumannii were tested for susceptibility to carbapenem. Presence of NDM-1 encoded by the blaNDM-1 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 138 VARTI cases were included in the study. Total 107 (77.5%) bacteria were isolated from 138 ETA samples of which 38 were A. baumannii. Out of 38 isolated A. baumannii, 35 (92.1%) were resistant to imipenem/meropenem and 33 (86.8%) were positive for blaNDM-1 gene by PCR. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that high proportion of A. baumannii isolated from VARTI cases in ICU were carbapenem resistant and blaNDM-1 positive. Careful infection control program should be considered to contain the spread of this multi-resistant organism to other hospital and community. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 37-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35177 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shahida Akhter, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Email: shahidamicro@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Chikungunya virus and dengue virus coinfection: a cases reports from Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author><author>Shahana Zaman</author><author>Samira Rahat Afroze</author><author>Hasna Fahmima Haque</author><author>Farhana Afroz</author><author>Tabassum Samad</author><author>Khwaja Nazim Uddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/272 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/272</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/272/AdminPDF/Rahim MA Final p42-43.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.12 No.1 - January 2018</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 42-43</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A case of concurrent chikungunya virus and dengue virus infection is reported here. The patient presented with fever and generalized body ache. Diagnostic work-up revealed chikungunya-dengue co-infection. Dengue is endemic in Bangladesh while chikungunya is a recently emerging infection. As both the viruses are transmitted by a common vector, Aedes spp., such co-infections are likely to increase in coming years. IMC J Med Sci 2018; 12(1): 42-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35178   Address for Correspondence: Dr. Muhammad Abdur Rahim, Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital and IMC,  122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: muradrahim23@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Factors determining conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy]]></title>
                    <author>Tapash Kumar Maitra</author><author>Mahmud Ekramullah</author><author>Faruquzzaman</author><author>Samiran Kumar Mondol</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/177 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/177/AdminPDF/Maitra TK p32-35.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/03/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 32-35</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has virtually replaced conventional open cholecystectomy (OC) as the standard procedure of treatment for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. However, OC sometimes becomes a necessity considering the feasibility and safety of the surgical procedure. But the factors that demand conversion from LC to OC differ widely. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of conversion from LC to OC and to assess the causes of conversion and risk factors related to conversion. Methods: The study was conducted in a referral hospital – ‘Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM)’ from September 2014 to September 2016. Cases of cholelithiasis with or without cholecystitis, and other gall bladder pathology were included in the study. A team of experienced surgeon performed LC of all selected cases. The causes of conversion to OC were systematically recorded by the surgical team and the risk factors (age, sex, obesity, history of previous abdominal surgery, gallbladder thickness) related to conversion from LC to OC was investigated. Results: A total of 261 (M / F = 87 /174) patients were considered eligible for the study. The mean age of all patients was 43 (±1.75) years. For the male and female groups the mean ages were 44±1.9 and 42±1.6 years respectively. Of the total 261 cases, 210 (80.5%) patients had cholelithiasis with chronic cholecystitis, 47 (18.0%) had gallbladder stone plus acute cholecystitis and 4 (1.5%) had gallbladder polyp. Open conversion was required in case of 19 patients. Thus, overall conversion rate was 7.3%. The common causes of conversion were a) difficulty in defining Calot’s triangle (42.1%), b) injury to cystic artery (21.1%) and c) injury to bile duct (15.8%). Both male and female had equal risk for conversion. The investigated risk factors like history of previous abdominal surgery, preoperative ERCP, acute cholecystitis, obesity, increased gallbladder-wall thickness and older age showed no significant association with conversion. Conclusion: The study revealed that a very few patents (7.5%) needed conversion from LC to OC. The commonest cause of conversion was difficulty in defining Calot’s triangle, injury to cystic artery and bile duct. The risk factors like previous abdominal surgery, preoperative ERCP, gallbladder wall thickness, obesity and old age were not found associated with conversion to OC. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 32-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33091 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tapash Kumar Maitra, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,  Shahbagh   Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tapashkm1965@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinical features and histological types of 35 cases of carcinoma esophagus: experience from two hospitals in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Nazmul Hoque</author><author>Md. Forhadul Islam Chowdhury</author><author>Shireen Ahmed </author><author>Md. Abdullah Al Mamoon</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/173 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/173/AdminPDF/Hoque MN p36-39.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/03/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 36-39</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Esophageal malignancy is a fatal disease. Squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma are two most common types. The present study aimed to describe demographic characteristics, clinical features, histological types and associated among the selected Bangladeshi patients with esophageal cancers. Methods:This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to December 2016 at two hospitals in Bangladesh. Total 35 adult patients diagnosed as having esophageal cancer were consecutively and purposively included in this study. Age, gender, history of chewing betel nut and smoking, clinical presentation and laboratory parameters were recorded systematically in a predesigned data sheet. Results:Among the 35 patients with esophageal cancer, 80% were more than 50 yrs of age while 71.4% and 28.6% were male and female respectively. Out of these cases, 27 (77.1%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 8 (22.9%) had adenocarcinoma. Out of 27 SCC, 15 (55.6%) had lesion in mid-esophagus, 9 (33.3%) in lower and 3 (11.1%) in upper esophagus. All adenocarcinoma were present in lower esophagus. History of smoking and chewing betel nut were not significantly associated with esophageal cancers. Conclusions: Esophageal carcinoma was common in elderly male and SCC was more frequent compared to adenocarcinoma.  Further study with larger number of samples is required to determine the role of smoking and betel nut chewing in esophageal cancers in Bangladeshi population. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 36-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33092 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Md. Nazmul Hoque, Consultant and Head, Department of GHPD, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: alifbd@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Health related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Farhana safa</author><author>Md. Nazrul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/166 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/166/AdminPDF/Safa F p40-44.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/02/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 40-44</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered as an emerging problem in our socioeconomic context. The objectives of this study were to compare the health related quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder to that of typically developing peers. Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted on autistic children and normal children in six centers of Dhaka city to see the health related quality of life from parent’s perspective by using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL scale). Total of 115 children within the age group of 8-12 years were selected, among them 57 were autistic and 58 were normal peers. Results: Children with autism spectrum disorder had poor physical (mean score 6.04), emotional (mean score 9.77) and social (mean score 14.51) functions as well as learning ability (mean score 8.12) whereas normal children’s functioning mean scores were 0.10, 1.79, 0.0 and 0.45 in respective domains and the differences were significant (p<.0001) in each aspect of quality of life. Conclusion: This study revealed that, children with autism spectrum disorder experienced poorer health-related quality of life than normal children and thus the findings would contribute in implementing different strategies for improving the health status of autistic children. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 40-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33093 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farhana Safa, Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email:safa.somch@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinicopathologic features, management and outcome of ten cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Nazmul Hoque</author><author>Samiron Kumar Mondal</author><author>Md. Mohsin Kabir</author><author>Indrejit Kumar Datta</author><author>M Golam Azam</author><author>Md. Abdullah Al Mamoon</author><author>Shireen Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/201 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/201/AdminPDF/Hoque MN p45-49.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 45-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GISTs) is an uncommon and rare disease in Bangladesh. Our aims were to describe socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, anatomical location, morphological variation, treatment and outcome of GIST in ten cases. Methods:This study included consecutive ten cases of GISTs diagnosed and treated in two tertiary level hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2013 to 2016. Patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, anatomical location, histological types, presence of CD117 markers were determined. Outcome of the treatment by surgical intervention and imatinib mesylate (400mg/day) were evalauted. Results: Total 10 patients were included in the study. Among them 6 were male and 4 were female. The age range was 32-74 years. Abdominal pain, haematemesis, melaena, haematochezia and anaemia were the most common presentation. One patient had dysphagia and another had features of subacute intestinal obstruction. Five patients had GIST in the stomach (50%), two had in colon and one in esophagus, duodenum and ileum respectively. CD 117 was positive in 8 cases, majority had spindly type cell with low mitotic figure. Imatinib therapy was given in all the cases except two patients. Disease recurrence in the form liver metastasis was found in two cases and both died. Disease free survival for more than 2 years was observed in 4 cases. Conclusion: Haematemesis and melaena were common presentation of GISTs. Stomach was the most common site for GISTs and majority had spindle type of cells and positive CD117 marker. Surgical intervention and imatinib therapy was found effective. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 45-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33094 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Nazmul Hoque, Consultant and Head, Department of GHPD, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: alifbd@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in selected rural
and urban areas of Bangladesh by rLipL32 based ELISA]]></title>
                    <author>Shakila Tamanna</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>TH Tang</author><author>Siti Aminah Ahmed</author><author>KC Ang</author><author>Kaniz-E-Zannat</author><author>MSA Jilani</author><author>M Mohiuddin</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/217 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/217/AdminPDF/Tamanna S p50-55.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 50-55</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection with worldwide distribution caused by the Leptospira species and predominant in the tropical and subtropical regions. Information on leptospirosis in Bangladesh is limited. The present study was designed to detect anti-leptospiral antibodies in human serum samples in Bangladeshi population by developing an in-house ELISA using recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) antigen. The study was conducted from April 2014 to December 2014. Method: Healthy individuals from two rural areas and fever cases from one urban healthcare center were enrolled in the study. Rural health centers were located at Sonargoan and Bajitpur sub-district (Upozilla) of Narayaganj and Kishorganj districts. Sonargoan health center is located 26 km south-east and Bajitpur is located 71 km north-east of Dhaka city. About 1-2 ml of blood was collected with aseptic measure and serum was separated and stored at -200C until used. Anti-leptospiral IgG antibody was determined by recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) antigen based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seropositive cases were further confirmed by commercial Leptospira IgG ELISA. Results: The study included 250 febrile cases and 376 healthy individuals from urban and rural areas, respectively. Out of total 626 study population, anti-LipL32 specific IgG antibody was detected in 70 individuals (11.2%). The rate of positivity of anti-LipL32 antibody among the healthy individuals from rural area was 10.6% while the rate was 12.0% in urban febrile population. The rate of positivity in rural and urban population was not significantly (p>0.05) different. Among the urban population, the rate of seropositivity was 9.1% and 16.4% in 21-40 yrs and above 40 years age group respectively while the rate was 7.2% and 14.0% in rural population respectively. Out of 70 seropositive cases detected by LipL32 ELISA, 65 (92.9%) were positive by commercial ELISA. Conclusion: The present study has revealed that leptospirosis is prevalent in Bangladesh and should be looked for in febrile and clinically suspected cases. The study has also demonstrated that rLipL32 protein may be used as a candidate antigen for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 50-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33095 Address for Correspondence:Prof. J Ashraful Haq, Professor of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and pattern of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Hafiza Lona</author><author>Shahjada Selim</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/234 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/234/AdminPDF/Lona H p56-60.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 56-60</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are contributor of increased morbidity and poor quality of life in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Racial, nutritional and life style may influence GI disorders to a large extent. Thus, the burden of GI disorders and its determinants warrant investigation in individual population. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore the types of GI symptoms in Bangladeshi population with DM for more than 10 years of duration. Methodology: This observational study was conducted on patients with DM for more than 10 years of duration at the outpatient department of BIRDEM general hospital from July 2009 to June 2010. A total of 301 DM patients responded to self-reporting questionnaire (Bengali adaptation of Rome III diagnostic questionnaire). Then 91 participants were further studied for glycemic status, liver function, kidney function and basic defects of diabetes through homeostasis model assessment. Results: The median age of 301 study population was 55 years (range 25 to 84 years) and the male female ratio was 1: 0.74. Out of 301 DM cases, 273 (90.7%) had GI symptoms. Significantly (p<0.05) higher number of males (93.6%) had GI symptoms compared to females (86.7%). Among the clinical conditions, unspecified functional bowel disorder (UFBD) was present in 88.3% cases, followed by cyclic vomiting syndrome (38.1%) and functional fecal incontinence (20.9%). Single GI symptom was present in 123 (45.1%) cases while 32.6%, 12.5% and 9.9% had two, three and more than three GI symptoms respectively. No significant difference was found in any biochemical parameter between cases with and without GI symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed sex and residence as poor predictors of UFBD while other variables did not show any significant relation/risk to UFBD. Conclusion: A large proportion of patients with long duration of DM had GI symptoms. A comprehensive management of diabetes requires attention to GI disorders. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 56-60   Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shahjada Selim, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email:selimshahjada@gmail.com, selimshahjada@bsmmu.edu.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Coronary artery disease in a rural population of Bangladesh: is dyslipidemia or adiposity a significant risk?]]></title>
                    <author>Sajal Krishna Banerjee</author><author>Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>Mohammad Mainul Hasan Chowdhury</author><author>M. Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/235 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/235/AdminPDF/Banerjee SK p61-69.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 61-69</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Aims: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are on the increase worldwide and more in the developing countries. Coronary artery disease (CAD) constitutes the major brunt of CVD. Despite the increasing morbidity and mortality, Bangladesh has a few published data on CAD in rural population. This study addressed the prevalence of CAD and its risk factors in rural population of Bangladesh. Study methods: Sixteen villages were purposively selected in a rural area. A population census was conducted in the selected area. The census yielded eligible participants, who reached at least eighteen years of age. Those who willingly consented to participate were enlisted. Each participant was interviewed regarding CAD risk (age, sex, social class, occupation, illness, family history). Anthropometry (height, weight, waist- and hip-girth) was recorded. Resting blood pressure (BP) was measured. Blood sample was collected for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Tg), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density (HDL). All participants having FBG>5.5mmol/l or systolic (SBP) ³135 or diastolic BP (DBP) ³85mmHg underwent electrocardiography (ECG). A team of cardiologists selected and accomplished exercise tolerance test (ETT) and echocardiography (Echo). Results: The prevalence of CAD was 4.5% (95% CI: 3.85 – 5.15). Compared with the female (3.5%, CI, 2.76 – 4.24) the male participants had significantly higher prevalence of CAD (6.0%, CI, 4.83 – 7.13). Comparison of characteristics between participants with and without CAD showed that age, SBP, DBP and FBG were significantly higher in CAD group. Bivariate analysis showed that age, sex, social class, glycemic status, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and smoking were significantly related to CAD. Stepwise logistic regression proved only male sex, rich social class, hypertension and diabetes had independent risk of CAD; whereas, age, obesity and dyslipidemia were proved not significant. Conclusions: The study concludes that the prevalence of CAD in a Bangladeshi rural population is comparable to other developed countries. The male sex, rich social class, hypertension and diabetes were proved to have excess risk of CAD. Neither obesity nor dyslipidemia were found significant for CAD. The younger people had similar risk as the aged ones, which necessitate primordial and primary prevention of CAD. Further study may be undertaken, which should include and consider physical activity and diet; and if possible, C-reactive protein, Vitamin D and homocysteine level. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 61-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33098 Address for Correspondence: Prof. M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A free vascularized fibular graft for reconstruction of mandibular bony defect following excision of odontogenic keratocyst]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Bilquis Ibrahim</author><author>Shamim Hassan</author><author>Sajid Hasan</author><author>Raihan Anwar</author><author>Md. Rashedul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/178 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/178/AdminPDF/Ibrahim FB p70-72.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/03/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.2 - July 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 70-72</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[We present a case of reconstruction of a bony defect due to the excision of recurrent mandibular odontogenic keratocyst in a 45 years old diabetic male. Free vascularized fibular composite graft was taken from the contra lateral lower leg to reconstruct the defect. A two team approach consisting of plastic and maxillofacial (MF) surgeon was adopted. The functional and aesthetical outcome was satisfactory and bone healing occurred without any major complication. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 70-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i2.33099 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farzana B Ibrahim, Registrar, Department of Plastic Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: ibrahimfarzana@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Immunoglobulin G1 and G2 profile in children with Down syndrome]]></title>
                    <author>Supti Prava Saha</author><author>Monsura Khan</author><author>Ashesh Kumar Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/157 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/157/AdminPDF/Saha SP p1-4.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/12/29</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 1-4</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: It is well known that children with Down syndrome (DS) suffer from frequent infections. There is an association of certain IgG subclass abnormalities with the predisposition to recurrent infection of the respiratory tract. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the immunoglobulin G1 and G2 (IgG1, IgG2) profile in children with DS. Material and methods: Forty children between the ages of 6 months to 12 years with DS (47 XX/XY, +21) attending the Department of Immunology, BIRDEM were enrolled in the study. Age and sex matched 30 healthy normal children with 46 XX/XY were included as control. Enrolled DS and healthy children were divided into two age groups namely 6 months to 6 years and 7 years to 12 years. Serum IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The mean serum IgG1 concentrations of children with DS in both age groups did not differ significantly from that of normal healthy children. But the IgG2 level was significantly less (p<0.003 and p<0.004) in both age groups of children with DS compared to that of control healthy children. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the serum IgG2 level was significantly less in children with DS than that of matched normal healthy control children while there was no deficiency of IgG1. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31930 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Supti Prava Saha, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: pipisu@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Tumors of the eyelid - a histopathological study at tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Rita Paul</author><author>Md. Nasimul Islam</author><author>Enamul Kabir</author><author>Harunur Rashid Khan</author><author>Utpal Kumar Kundu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/161 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/161/AdminPDF/Paul R p5-10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/01/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 5-10</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Eyelid growth is a common clinical condition presented to ophthalmologists. Accurate diagnosis of eyelid tumors is necessary to guide ophthalmologists to design optimal management. We carried out the study to assess the histopathological types of different eyelid growth in tertiarycare hospitals of Dhaka city. Methods: This is a cross sectional study performed at the Department of Pathology of Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from hospitals of SSMC and National Institute of Ophthalmology (NIO), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Study period was from January 2012 to December 2013. A total of 93 cases with eyelid growth of both sex were enrolled in the study. After obtaining informed written consent, tumors were excised by the ophthalmologist and the specimens were collected in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. Results: A total of 93 cases of eyelid lesions were examined. The most common age group affected was between 26-50yrs (50.54%). Mean age was 43.22±17.42 (range 19 – 90 years). Gender distribution of the patients was almost equal (male 51.6%, female 48.4%). Neoplastic lesions were found in 86 cases (92.47%) and non neoplastic growth was present in 7 (7.53%) cases. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant tumors were found in 52 (55.91%), 01(1.08%) and 33(35.48%) cases respectively. Among the malignant lesions, basal cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor (36.4%) followed by sebaceous gland and squamous cell carcinoma (27.3%). Nevus was the most common benign lesions (26.9%) followed by sudoriferous cyst (19.2%) and haemangioma (15.4%). Conclusions:All the eyelid lesions removed surgically should be examined histopathologically to establish the correct diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of specific tumors is important for proper treatment and favorable prognosis. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 5-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31931   Address for Correspondence:Dr. Rita Paul, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: ritapaul16@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A study on knowledge of patients with end stage renal disease towards dialysis in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Tufayel Ahmed Chowdhury</author><author>Sarwar Iqbal</author><author>Umme Salma Talukder</author><author>Mehruba Alam Ananna</author><author>A.S.M. Manzur  Morshed Bhuiyan</author><author>Mustarshid Billah</author><author>Md. Abdur  Rahim</author><author>Tabassum Samad</author><author>Rana Mokarrom Hossain</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/164 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/164/AdminPDF/Chowdhury TA p11-14.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/02/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 11-14</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: There are approximately two million patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the form of dialysis. There are very few statistics regarding the knowledge and attitude towards dialysis among ESRD patients in Bangladesh. The present study was undertaken to understand the existing knowledge of the patients with ESRD regarding dialysis. Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was done on 104 patients with ESRD requiring immediate dialysis. This study was conducted in the department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of six months. After obtaining informed consent the participants were given a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on socio-demographic status, age, gender, different aspects of knowledge about dialysis and the reasons to accept and refuse dialysis for the treatment of ESRD. Results: A total of 104 patients with ESRD were enrolled in the study.  The mean age was 54.20(±11.82) years, 87.5% were more than 40 years of age, and 72.1% were male. Eighty two percent mentioned diabetes as the cause of kidney disease. About half of the respondents (52.88%) knew dialysis as an option for the treatment of ESRD followed by kidney transplant (11.54%). A few (7.3%) mentioned medicine and dietary modification as the treatment. There was no statistical association between prior knowledge and agreeing to do dialysis (χ2= 0.7814; p=0.376699). Most of the patients (78%) gathered knowledge about dialysis from doctors. Seventy two patients (69.2%) agreed to do dialysis. Among them 37 patients (51.4%) agreed as they considered it as a part of treatment and 32 patients (44.4%) agreed because they were advised by doctors. Reasons for refusal to do dialysis were - fear of death (59.37%), financial constraints (31.25%) and lack of availability of dialysis centre (9.37%) Among study populations, only 20 patients (19.2%) mentioned about peritoneal dialysis (PD) and all of them (100%) were informed by doctors. Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated that prior knowledge on dialysis has no influence on the decision to do dialysis for the treatment of ESRD. Availability and access to dialysis facility and counseling on beneficial aspects of dialysis is required to motivate the patients for dialysis with ESRD.  In addition to health care providers, social media may play an important role in promoting public awareness regarding dialysis as a treatment modality of ESRD. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 11-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31932   Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tufayel Ahmed Chowdhury, Registrar, Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: dr_topu11@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Post-surgical outcomes of laparoscopic appendectomy observed at BIRDEM hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Tapash Kumar Maitra</author><author>Mahmud Ekramullah</author><author>Faruquzzaman</author><author>Samiran Kumar Mondol</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/165 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/165/AdminPDF/Maitra TK p15-18.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/02/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 15-18</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Objective: Currently, laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is widely practiced for the management of acute appendicitis (AA). The application of laparoscopic technique for appendectomy is expanding very rapidly and now performed in almost all major cities and tertiary level hospitals. This study addressed to determine the outcomes of laparoscopic appendectomy in our surgical setup at Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM). Methodology: All admitted patients at BIRDEM hospital and clinically diagnosed as acute appendicitis considered eligible for the study. Based on clinical history relevant and routine biochemical investigations were done. A board of experienced surgeons selected the eligible cases for LA. The study continued from Sept 2014 to Sept 2016. Result: A total of 47 (M / F = 21 / 26) patients with acute appendicitis were admitted during this period. The mean (SD) age was 21 (±1.4) years in male and 19 (±1.7) years in female. The mean age of the total patients was 20 (±1.6) years. Eighty percent of the patients were of age 30 years or less. Per-operative laparoscopic findings revealed that five cases (10.6%) were misdiagnosed as appendicitis. Two (4.2%) cases were found to have other pathology and necessitated open appendectomy (OA). One was suspected for malignancy and other had appendicitis with adhesion. Overall, four important post-operative outcomes were observed: (a) post-operative pain was found reducing gradually and it fell below pain score 2 or even less after 30 hours; (b) port-site bleeding and infection were observed in 4.3% and 2.1%, respectively; (c) none had visceral bleeding or subcutaneous emphysema and (d) more than 80% were discharged within 72 hours. Conclusion: Most of the patients admitted with acute appendicitis were of younger age (<30 years). Though there was no comparative group undergoing open appendectomy (OA), it was apparent that laparoscopic approach was proved to have reduced pain, less complication and shorter hospital stay thus reducing the treatment cost. Thus, LA was found relatively safe and resilient procedure. An additional benefit of laparoscopy was that it revealed about 10% case were misdiagnosed as having appendicitis. Thus, this approach may be considered as a step forward in the treatment of appendicitis making easier to explore the abdominal cavity while keeping an option to perform an OA. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 15-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31933 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tapash Kumar Maitra, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,  Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tapashkm1965@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author><author>Palash Mitra</author><author>Hasna Fahmima Haque</author><author>Tasrina Shamnaz Samdani</author><author>Shahana Zaman</author><author>Khwaja Nazim Uddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/168 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/168/AdminPDF/Rahim MA p19-24.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/02/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 19-24</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence of CKD in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is not well described. The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of CKD stages 3-5 and its risk factors among selected Bangladeshi T2DM patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2015. Diagnosed adult T2DM patients were consecutively and purposively included in this study. Pregnant women, patients with diagnosed kidney disease due to non-diabetic etiology, acute kidney injury (AKI), AKI on CKD and patients on renal replacement therapy were excluded. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory parameters were recorded systematically in a predesigned data sheet. Diagnosis of CKD and its stages were determined according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines 2012 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Estimated GFR was calculated by using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Cockcroft-Gault (CG) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) creatinine based formula. Results: A total of 400 patients with T2DM of various durations were enrolled in the study. Out of 400 patients, 254 (63.5%), 259 (64.75%) and 218 (54.5%) cases had CKD stages 3-5 according to MDRD, C-G and CKD-EPI equations respectively. CKD was significantly more common in females (p<0.001) and in cases with long duration of diabetes (≥5 years; p=0.007). CKD stages 3-5 were significantly associated with hypertension (χ2=5.2125, p =0.02) and good control of diabetes (HbA1c <7%) as evidenced by higher proportion of CKD in them (73.3%) compared to those with poor glycemic control (52.1%). Conclusions: More than half of T2DM patients had CKD stages 3-5. Female gender, duration of diabetes and hypertension were significant risk factors and should be emphasized for the prevention of CKD in T2DM. Glycemic control may not reduce CKD in diabetes. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 19-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31934 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Muhammad Abdur Rahim, Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM General Hospital. 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: muradrahim23@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Serum magnesium and copper levels in Bangladeshi women with gestational diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Akonjee Mishu</author><author>MA Muttalib</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/169 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/169/AdminPDF/Mishu FA p25-28.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/02/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 25-28</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Alteration of magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) concentrations in blood has been observed in normal pregnancy as well as in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The present study was aimed to evaluate the serum Mg and Cu levels in Bangladeshi women with GDM in their second and third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: The study was conducted at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2013 to June 2014. Pregnant women, in their second and third trimester, attending the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Endocrinology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital were enrolled by purposive sampling technique. GDM was diagnosed on the basis of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as defined in WHO criteria 2013. Blood glucose was estimated by enzymatic GOD-PAP colorimetric method. The cut off value for fasting plasma glucose level was ≥6.1 mmol/L or ≥7.8 mmol/L 2 hours after glucose load. Serum Cu was estimated by 3, 5-DiBr-PAESA method and Mg by Xylidyl Blue-I Method as per manufacturer’s instruction. Results: A total of 172 pregnant women in their second and third trimester were enrolled. Out of 172 participants, 86 had GDM and 86 were normoglycemic (control). The mean age of GDM and control groups was 28.6±3.2 years and 27.3±3.1 years respectively. The BMI was 26.4±1.5 m/kg2 and 26.3±1.3 m/kg2. Serum Mg level was significantly low (p< 0.001) in 2nd and 3rd trimesters in GDM cases (1.39±0.26 mg/dl and 0.93±0.15 mg/dl) compared to control group (1.67±0.3 mg/dl and 1.67±0.31mg/dl). On the contrary, serum Cu levels in GDM cases were significantly (p<0.002) higher in both trimesters (224±333.8 µg/dl and 243.91±6.89 µg/dl) compared to those without GDM (220.1±7.6 µg/dl and 234.9±4.6 µg/dl). There was significant (p<0.001) increase of serum Cu levels in 3rd trimester compared to 2nd trimester in both GDM and non GDM cases. Conclusion: There was distinct alteration of serum Mg and Cu levels in GDM compared to normal pregnancy. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 25-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31935 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farzana Akonjee Mishu, Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  Email: farzanamishu@yahoo.co.uk]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Facial nerve paralysis due to intra aural tick infestation: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Nurul Atikah Binti Hamat</author><author>Zulkiflee Salahuddin</author><author>Rosdan Salim</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/172 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/172/AdminPDF/Hamat NAB p29-31.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/03/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.11 No.1 - January 2017</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 29-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Tick infestation in the ear canal may have variable clinical presentations. We present here a case of facial nerve paralysis in a 73 years old lady due to intra aural tick infestation. The patient presented with left otalgia, vertigo and left sided facial asymmetry. The case could be confused with cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 29-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v11i1.31936 Dr. Nurul Atikah Binti Hamat, Medical Officer, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Email: asadun7@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Sutureless and glue free conjunctival auto grafting after pterygium excision]]></title>
                    <author>MK Goswami</author><author>Md Asaduzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/142 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/142/AdminPDF/Goswami MK p36-38.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 36-38</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Suture or glue has been used to secure the conjunctival auto graft after excision of the pterygium. Recently, auto grafting using patient’s own blood as a bioadhesive to secure the graft in position has been described by several authors. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the outcome of excision of pterygium and sutureless conjunctival auto graft using patients’ own blood as a bioadhesive. Methods: Patients with primary and recurrent pterygium attending the Department of Ophthalmology of Bangladesh Institute of Research, Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) hospital from March 2014 to July 2015 were included in the study. Pterygium was excised and conjunctival auto graft was applied. Grafts were secured to the pterygium excision area with auto blood fibrin clot. All patients were examined after 48 hr and followed for 1, 4 and 12 weeks for graft dislodgement, sub-conjunctival hemorrhage, graft recession, graft edema and recurrence of pterygium. Results: A total of 35 primary and 2 recurrent pterygium cases were included in the study. The mean operation time was 15±1 minutes. Out of 37 eyes 5 (13.5%) had subconjunctival hemorrhage and 2 (5.4%) had graft recession and edema after 48hrs of operation. At 3 months follow up, 2 cases (5.4%) of graft recession and no case of recurrence of pterygium was found. Conclusion: Pterygium excision and conjunctival auto graft without sutures appears to be an effective treatment modality for primary and recurrent pterygium with no additional cost. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 36-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31106 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Manash Kumar Goswami, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, BIRDEM General Hospital,  122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: manashkg@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Evaluation
of Rapid stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients
with dyspepsia]]></title>
                    <author>Salma Khatun</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Indrajit Kumar Dutta</author><author>Mohammad Nazmul Hoq</author><author>Farjana Akter</author><author>Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/150 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/150/AdminPDF/Khatun S p39-44.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/24</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 39-44</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Several diagnostic assays are used for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in suspected peptic ulcer cases. H. pylori stool antigen test is a non-invasive method for the detection of active infection. The present study has evaluated the efficacy of rapid stool antigen test to diagnose H. pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia. Materials and methods: Adult patients with complains of dyspepsia attending the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases (GHPD) of BIRDEM hospital for endoscopy were included. Gastric biopsy, blood and stool samples were obtained from each participant after informed written consent. Rapid urease test (RUT), serum H. pylori immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG and rapid H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) tests were performed. Only stool samples were obtained from 31 neonates aged 1 to 30 days as negative control for HpSAg test. Results: A total of 91 adult patients with complain of dyspepsia were included in the study. Out of 91 cases, 17 (18.7%) and 74 (81.3%) had peptic ulcer and erosion respectively. HpSAg was positive in 63.7% cases compared to 42.9% and 62.6% respectively by RUT and IgA. The rate of HpSAg positivity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ulcer compared to erosion cases. HpSAg test was positive in all (100%) RUT positive cases. Combination of HpSAg test and IgA yielded highest positive result in both ulcer (82.4%) and erosion (84%) cases. H. pylori IgG was positive in all cases. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that HpSAg test is an effective and non-invasive diagnostic tool to detect active H. pylori infection in suspected dyspeptic patients. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 39-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31108 Address for Correspondence: Prof. Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection of human papillomavirus by hybrid capture and real time PCR methods in patients with chronic cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial]]></title>
                    <author>Elisha Khandker</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/151 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/151/AdminPDF/Khandker E p45-48.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/12/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 45-48</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives:Cervical cancer due to Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in women. Testing of HPV can identify women who are at risk of cervical cancer. Nowadays, molecular methods like real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybrid capture technique are applied for detecting HPV in cervical specimens. The objective of the present study was to determine the rate of HPV infection in women with chronic cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) by a commercial real time polymerase chain reaction test kit and by a hybrid capture HPV DNA test. Methods:Women aged between 20 to 55 years with chronic cervicitis and CIN were enrolled in the study after obtaining informed consent. Cervical specimen was collected by using cervical brush and stored in transport medium until used. HPV was detected by High Risk Screen Real-TM Quant 2x (Sacace, Biotechnologies SrI, Italy) real time PCR kit (HR RT-PCR) and by Hybrid Capture-2 High-Risk HPV DNA (Hc-2; Digene Corporation, USA) test. Results: Total 72 women with chronic cervicitis and CIN of different grades were included in the study. Out of this, HPV infection detected by HR RT-PCR was 31 (43%) and by Hc-2 was 14 (19.4%). Both the tests were able to detect HPV infection in all the CIN 3 cases and in most of the CIN 2 cases. However, HR RT-PCR detected higher number of HPV in chronic cervicitis and CIN1 cases. Conclusion:The study has shown that HR RT-PCR and Hc-2 tests are equally effective in detecting HPV infection in patients with CIN 2 and CIN 3 lesions. However, HR RT-PCR is more sensitive test for detecting HPV in chronic cervicitis and early CIN lesions and, therefore can be used in epidemiological study to detect presence of HPV in general population. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 45-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31109 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Elisha Khandker, Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Email: elishakhandk@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Outcome of intraoperative use of mitomycin C combined with conjunctival auto graft in recurrent pterygium]]></title>
                    <author>MK Goswami</author><author>F Hossain</author><author>AB Shamsudduha</author><author>M Asaduzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/152 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/152/AdminPDF/Goswami MK p49-52.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/12/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 49-52</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Recurrent pterygium is an important ocular problem in our country.  There are different modalities of treatment for recurrent pterygium. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of intraoperative mitomycin C along with conjunctival auto graft to prevent recurrence of pterygium. Methods: Patients with recurrent pterygium attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka from January 2013 to June 2015 were included in the study. Cases were randomized into two groups. Group 1 had pterygium surgery with conjunctival auto graft and Group 2 had auto graft and intraoperative mitomycin C (0.02%). All cases were followed up for one year to assess recurrence of pterygium. Results: A total of 54 recurrent pterygia cases were included in the study. The age of study population was 25 to 65 years. The recurrence rate of pterygium after 12 months was 77.7% in group 1 and none in group 2. No major postoperative complication was observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the use of intraoperative mitomycin C along with conjunctival auto graft had significant effect in preventing the recurrence of pterygium. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 49-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31110 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Manash Kumar Goswami, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: manashkg@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Humoral immune response to selective mycobacterial antigens and serodiagnosis of active tuberculosis in Bangladeshi patients]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/154 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/154/AdminPDF/Mohiuddin M p53-57.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/12/15</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 53-57</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Serological test has become an important tool in the diagnosis of TB cases. This study focused on the analysis and comparison of antibody response to two Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens namely Ag85 complex and culture filtrate protein (CFP) in patients with tuberculosis. Antibody response to specific antigen was utilized as a diagnostic tool to detect active tuberculosis (TB) cases. Methods: Sera from 30 patients with active tuberculosis and 30 healthy individuals were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies against Ag85 complex and culture filtrate protein (CFP) antigens of MTB. Results: The mean OD values of serum IgM and IgG antibodies against Ag85 and CFP were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in patients than that of healthy control individuals. Among the 30 tuberculosis patients, anti-Ag85 complex IgM and IgG was positive in 66.7% and 70.0% patients respectively. The seropositive rate of anti-CFP IgM and IgG was 33.3% and 56.7% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of anti Ag85 and anti-CFP IgM and IgG ranged from 60.0% to 96.7%. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that determination of IgM and IgG antibodies against Ag85 complex and CFP could be used as a serological marker for diagnosis of active tuberculosis. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 53-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31111 Address for Correspondence: Prof. J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Humoral
immune response to Mycobactrium
tuberculosis cell wall fraction and lipoarabinomannan antigens in
Bangladeshi patients with active tuberculosis]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/155 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/155/AdminPDF/Mohiuddin p58-60.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/12/15</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.2 - July 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 58-60</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: This study focused on the analysis and comparison of humoral immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall fraction (CWF) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigens. Methods: Sera from adult patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and age and sex matched healthy individuals were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies to CWF and LAM by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The mean OD values of serum IgM and IgG antibodies against CWF of TB patients was not significantly (p=0.52, p=0.45) different from that of healthy control population. However, the mean OD values of serum IgM and IgG against LAM were significantly (p=0.049, p= 0.001) higher in TB cases than that of healthy individuals. Conclusion: The present study has revealed that IgM and IgG antibody to LAM may be used in serodiagnosis of TB while response to CWF in active TB case is restricted in our population. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 58-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31112 Address for Correspondence: Prof. J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Predictors of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation in Kuwait]]></title>
                    <author>Batool Y. Bosakhar</author><author>Zainab A. Al-Mesailekh</author><author>Shareefah A. Al-Farhan</author><author>Danah A. Arab</author><author>Nour A. Al-Tawheid</author><author>Nourah F. Al-Ali</author><author>Amal K. Mitra</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/89 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/03/89/AdminPDF/Bosakhar BY p01-09.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/09/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 01-09</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: In Kuwait, information regarding public knowledge and attitudes towards organ donation are scanty. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation and determine factors which predict them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 630 participants recruited from 27 randomly selected public cooperative societies and private supermarkets in Kuwait. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The prevalence rate of knowledge about organ donation was 68%, with a significantly higher rate among females than males (73% vs. 63%, respectively, p = 0.01). A composite score of knowledge was also higher among females than males (8.4 ± 5.8 vs. 6.8 ± 5.8, respectively, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, female gender (OR = 1.7; 95% CI =1.2, 2.4) and an educational level of bachelor’s degree or higher (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7, 3.9) were significant predictors of the knowledge. Among the barriers, more females than males mentioned about the fear of the operative procedures (p<0.001) and complications after the surgery (p = 0.011). Overall, 73% accepted the idea of organ donation during life, and 67% actually opted for donating their organs during life. However, almost everybody wanted to donate organs to their relatives. Conclusion: The study identified factors predicting knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation. The results will help in planning how to improve the rate of donors in Kuwait. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 01-09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31099 Address for Correspondence: Prof. Amal K. Mitra, Professor of Public Health, Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait. E-mail: amalmitra16@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diabetic retinopathy and visual impairment in disaster prone coastal population of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>AH Syedur Rahman</author><author>Md. Hazrat Ali</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author><author>Akhter Banu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/94 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/94/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p10-17.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/01</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 10-17</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective– Disaster prone coastal population has least accessibility to health care and very little is known about the prevalence of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and visual impairment. This study addressed the prevalence of visual impairment and DR and risk factors related to DR among population residing in disaster prone areas of Bangladesh. Methods: Thirty-two coastal communities in six coastal districts were purposively selected. All coastal people of age 18 years or more were considered eligible. Investigations included clinical history, anthropometry (height, weight, waist- and hip-girth), blood pressure and fasting blood glucose (FBG). The participants with hyperglycemia (FBG ≥5.6mmol/l) were undertaken for eye examination. Visual acuity was measured bilaterally using the Snellen chart. An Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) cut out chart with E Optotypes was used. Results: A total of 7567 participants volunteered and 1540 had hyperglycemia (FBG ≥5.6mmol/l). Of the hyperglycemic participants, 1214 (91.7%) participated for complete eye examination. Visual impairment of any type was found in 14.1%, any type cataract in 27.8% and any type DR in 18%. The participants of advancing age of higher social class and higher central obesity had excess risk for developing DR. The participants with known family history of diabetes also had greater risk. Compared with the group having FBG 5.6 – 6.9mmol/l those having FBG >6.9mmol/l had significant risk for DR (OR 3.11, 95%CI 2.04 – 4.76). Conclusion: The study concludes that visual impairment and cataract of any type is almost comparable with other coastal populations. The coastal people had higher prevalence of DR compared to rural population from other areas of Bangladesh and it was also higher than global estimate. The persons with higher age from higher social class with higher central obesity had excess risk for DR. The risk of DR increased with increasing hyperglycemia. Further study may be undertaken to confirm these findings. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 10-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31100 Address for Correspondence: Prof. M. Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed@imc.ac.bd]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Clinical outcome of metformin treatment in patients of acanthosis nigricans with insulin resistance]]></title>
                    <author>Tahmina Akter</author><author>Md. Reza Bin Zaid</author><author>Zeenat Farzana Rahman</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/91 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/91/AdminPDF/Akter T p18-23.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/09/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 18-23</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is known to be associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and other systemic morbid conditions. Proper treatment modalities of AN has not been established yet. Metformin may have some therapeutic effects on AN by reducing IR. Objective of the study was to examine the effect of metformin on AN in insulin resistant cases. Methodology and Results: This prospective, controlled trial was conducted in Dermatology OPD of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka from September 2012 to August 2013. All the participants of the study had clinical presentation of AN on different anatomic locations such as neck, axilla, elbow, knuckle and knee and biochemical evidence of IR. Participants were of either sex with age ranging from 18 to 80 years. Any case who had contraindications to metformin therapy were excluded. Severity of AN was examined and assessed by a quantitative scale for measuring acanthosis nigricans. After detecting IR by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), cases and controls were selected by random sampling method. Randomization was done for metformin in ratio of 2:1. Every third patient was a control. Forty study participants were assigned to receive tablet metformin 500mg thrice daily after meal for three months and twenty control participants were continued on their existing therapy. To maintain a static metabolic status, patients were allowed to remain with their previous diet and lifestyle habit. After 3 months of metformin therapy, improvement was assessed and was compared with control group. Mean age of the participants in case of male: 19.75±2.36 and in case of female: 26.58±9.38, M:F= 1:14, BMI of male: 32.15±4.15 and female: 33.18± 8.05. Mean baseline neck severity score of AN: 3.57 ± 0.78 and after metformin therapy: 2.65 ± 1.02, t-test value: 4.53. Baseline neck texture score of AN: 1.87±0.80, after metformin therapy: 1.25 ± 0.86, t-test value: 3.30. Baseline AN on axilla: 3.05 ± 0.94, after metformin therapy: 2.10 ± 0.98, t-test value: 4.56. Significant improvement of AN was observed clinically on neck and axilla (P<0.005) when compared with control. However, in case of AN on knuckle, elbow and knee, improvement rates were not statistically significant. No side-effect except nausea in 4 patients was reported during study period. Conclusion: Metformin therapy for AN with IR had a significant beneficial effect clinically and was safe and well-tolerated. The effect was more pronounced in neck and axilla.   IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 18-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31101 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahmina Akter, Medical Officer, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka E-mail: rimjhimborsha@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prophylactic intracameral vancomycin: efficacy in preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery]]></title>
                    <author>Manash Kumar Goswami</author><author>Md. Ferdous Hossain</author><author>Md. Asaduzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/92 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/92/AdminPDF/Goswami MK p24-28.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/09/26</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 24-28</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objective: Post Operative endophthalmitis is rare but devastating complication in ocular surgery. The present study determined the efficacy of intracameral vancomycin after phaco-emusification cataract surgery to prevent endophthalmitis. Method: A total of 768 cases who had undergone phaco-emusification cataract surgery were included in the study. Every alternate patient received 0.5 ml injection of vancomycin (1mg in 0.1 ml) in the anterior chamber after completion of phaco-emulcification and formation of anterior chamber. All the patients were examined for symptoms and signs of bacterial endophthalmitis at 24 hrs, 7 days, 15 days and subsequently at 1, 3 and 6 months following surgery. Results: No endophthalmitis case was recorded at any time period during 6 month follow up in either group. However, significantly higher number of cases in vancomycin group had cells in anterior chamber and disturbances in visual acuity at day 15 following surgery. Conclusion: Vancomycin did not have any prophylactic role in preventing endophthalmitis. Proper aseptic measures are important to prevent any infection in ocular surgery. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 24-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31102 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Manash Kumar Goswami, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: manashkg@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Human papillomavirus infection among Bangladeshi women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and chronic cervicitis]]></title>
                    <author>Elisha Khandker</author><author>Mansura Khan</author><author>Ahesh Kumar Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/104 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/104/AdminPDF/Khandker E p29-32.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 29-32</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and objectives: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer. The objective of the present study was to determine the rate of HPV infection among the Bangladeshi women with different grades of CIN and cancer. Methods: Women aged 20 to 55 years, diagnosed as a case of chronic cervicits, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cancer by Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and colposcopy directed biopsy were enrolled in the study. High and intermediate risk oncogenic HPV were detected in cervical samples by real time PCR (rt-PCR).  Results: Seventy two women with chronic cervicitis and different grades of CIN were included in the study. Out of 72 cases, 28 (38.9%) and 44 (61.1%) had chronic cervicitis and CIN respectively. Overall, the HPV infection  rate was 43.1% (95% CI= 32%-54%) among the study population. CIN cases had significantly high (p<0.01) HPV infection (78.6%; 95% CI=60%-89%) compared to cases with chronic cervicitis (18.2%; 95% CI=11.1%-34.5%). Women between the age of 20-30 years had the highest positive rate (50.0%) followed by 31-40 years age group (43.6%). All CIN grade 2 and 3 had HPV infection. Conclusion:  The study showed that HPV was strongly associated with different grades of CIN. Specific HPV types should be determined to find out  the most prevalent HPV types among the Bangladeshi women with CIN and cervical cancers.   IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 29-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31103 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Elisha Khandker, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: elishakhandk@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 – a case report from Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>Anisur Rahman</author><author>Shapur Ikhtaire</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/96 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2022/06/96/AdminPDF/Haq T p33-35.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/01</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.10 No.1 - January 2016</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 33-35</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[We describe a case of a 26 years old man who presented with adrenocortical insufficiency followed by hypoparathyroidism and subsequently mucocutaneous candidiasis. He also had nail dystrophy, cataract and alopecia, but no other endocrinopathies. He was diagnosed as a case of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1(APS 1). APS1 is a rare endocrine disorder and only a few cases have been reported from Bangladesh. IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(1): 33-35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i1.31105 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahniyah Haq, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. E-mail: tahniyah81@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Non-fatal drowning in under-five rural children of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Syed Hassan Abdullah </author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/75 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/75/AdminPDF/Abdullah SH p37-41.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 37-41</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Drowning has been identified as a major cause of death in children in both developed and developing countries. Non-fatal drowning is several times higher than the fatal drowning. To describe the socio-demographic and environmental attributes of non-fatal drowning in rural children this community based descriptive study was conducted on 122 children having non-fatal drowning events within one year of study period. This study was undertaken in Raigonj sub-district of Sirajgonj district in Bangladesh. Mothers of those children were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Out of all participants 56.6% children were 2-4 years of age and male-female ratio was almost equal. Of the total respondent mothers 55% were illiterate and 41.8% were below the age of 25 years. Seasonal variation was observed in non-fatal drowning. Rainy season (50.8%) appeared as the most risky period followed by summer (29.5%). Higher incidence occurred (53.3%) between 10 am to 2 pm of the day. Although most of the drowning occurred outside the home, 9% drowning occurred in water container (like drum, tub) within the home. Pond (50.5%) was found as the most common place among open water source. During the occurrence, 23% child was not accompanied by parents or any caregivers. At the time of drowning, 47.5% mothers were engaged with usual household work and were not present at the place of occurrence whereas 13% mothers were present around the place of occurance. Before drowning, 45.1% victim was either playing, bathing or swimming in the water. Only 10.7% needed resuscitation, 25% were taken to health centre and reached the health centre within an hour, about a fifth (22.6%) of them were admitted. Restriction in dangerous water activities, strengthening supervision of children might decrease the incidence of drowning while quick and effective medical response might prevent its fatal consequences. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 37-41Address for Correspondence: Mr. Syed Hassan Abdullah, Commanding officer, Bangladesh Army]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Use of antibiotics in selected tertiary and primary level health care centers of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>Osul Ahmed Chowdhury</author><author>KM Shahidul Islam</author><author> Md. Akram Hossain</author><author>Md. Jahangir Alam</author><author>Md. Abdullah Siddique</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/76 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/76/AdminPDF/Ahmed AA p42-44.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 42-44</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A cross sectional study was conducted in inpatient department of seven primary level hospitals care centers (PLHCs) and six tertiary level hospitals (TLHs) of the country. Total 2058 hospitalized patients were interviewed over a six month period from October 2012. Most of the patients (85.9% in TLH and 100% in PLH) were prescribed with antibiotics at the time of admission. Only 6.4% patients of TLHs treated with antibiotic had culture proven infection and rest of the patient of TLH and all the patients of PLH were treated with antibiotic empirically. Top prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone (39.64% in TLH, 59.64% in PLH). Parenteral route of antibiotic administration was preferred for both at TLHs and PLHCs (63.3% and 76.9%). The results of the present study indicated that antibiotics were widely and inappropriately used without following standard guidelines or based on any rationality. This is an alarming situation, and needs to be addressed by the relevant authority to save the people from growing antibiotic resistance. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 42-44 Address for Corresponded: Abdullah Akhter Ahmed, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection of OXA-181/OXA-48 carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Rehana Khatun</author><author>S.M. Shamsuzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/77 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/77/AdminPDF/Khatun R p45-51.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 48-54</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is becoming a major public health concern globally. Detection of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzyme carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae is important to institute appropriate therapy and to initiate preventive measures. This study was designed to determine the presence of carbapenemase producers among the CRE isolated from patients at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Twenty-nine CRE strains detected by disk diffusion technique were included in the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem and tigecycline was determined by agar dilution method. Carbapenemase production was phenotypically detected by Modified Hodge test while MBL producers were detected by combined disk and double disk synergy tests. Genes encoding blaNDM-1, blaOXA-181, blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1-group were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 29 CRE, nineteen (65.6%) were positive for carbapenemase by any of the three phenotypic tests namely MHT, CD or DD tests. Those 19 isolates were also positive either for blaNDM-1 or blaOXA-181/blaOXA-48 by PCR. Of the 19 PCR positive isolates, the rate of positivity for blaNDM-1, blaOXA-181/blaOXA-48 and blaNDM-1+ blaOXA-181/blaOXA-48 was 73.7% (14/19), 57.9% (11/19) and 31.6% (6/19) respectively. Both blaOXA-181 and blaOXA-48 co-existed. All the carbapenemase producing organisms harboured blaCTX-M-15 except one C. freundii strain. The rate of resistance to different classes of antibiotics ranged from 63.2% to 100% except colistin and tigecycline. Organisms positive for OXA-181/OXA-48 had a low level of resistance to carbapenem (MIC 1 - 4 μg/ml) while with NDM-1 had high level resistance to imipenem (MICs 16 - ³ 32 μg/ml). Out of 19 carbapenemase positive isolates, 12 (63.16%) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and were only sensitive to tigecycline and colistin. The result of this study showed the presence of blaOXA-181/ blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1 positive strains in Bangladesh and colistin and tigecycline were the most effective drugs against carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Epidemiological monitoring of carbapenemase producing organisms in Bangladesh is important to prevent their dissemination. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 48-54Address for Correspondence: Dr. Rehana Khatun, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: rehana_lipy@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos (BAEL) leaves on chronic inflammation in rats]]></title>
                    <author>Sharmin Rahman</author><author>Eliza Omar Eva</author><author>Rezaul Quader</author><author>Muqbula Tasrin</author><author>Md Ismail Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/257 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/257/AdminPDF/Rahman S p52-54.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 52-54</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Aegle Marmelos Linn (Rutaceae) is used as ethno medicine against various human ailments. Several curde extracts from various parts (Leaves, flower, stem, root etc) of the plant A. marmelos Linn have shown variable anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic inflammation in animal models. The anti-inflammatory effects of A marmelos linn may be of special advantage compared to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study has therefore been undertaken with the objective to evaluate the anti inflammatory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos leaves, compared to a standard anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin) in chronic inflammatory conditions. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in rats using cotton pellet implantation, where granuloma formation was used as an index of chronic inflammation. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos leaves were given orally for 7 days daily at doses of 100 mg/kg body weight. The percent inhibition of granuloma formation following treatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos leaves, and indomethacin compared to control were 16.5%, 25.72%, and 39.37% respectively. The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05 in case of aqueous and ethanolic extracts and p<0.001 in case of indomethacin). The results suggest that in case of chronic inflammation, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos have significant anti- inflammatory effect. The ethanolic extracts compared to aqueous extract produced greater anti- inflammatory effects. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 52-54Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sharmin Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000. Email:sharminrahman241980@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Disseminated melioidosis involving skin and joint: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Samira Rahat Afroze</author><author>Muhammad Abdur Rahim</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Khwaja Nazim Uddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/78 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/78/AdminPDF/Afroze SR p55-57.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 55-57</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Melioidosis is an infectious disease that can cause serious morbidity and may result in death if not treated early. Its causative organism, Burkholderia pseudomallei is present in soil and water. Here, we report a case of disseminated melioidosis involving skin and joint in a farmer residing in an area where the organism has been found in the soil. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 55-57Address for Correspondence: Dr. Samira Rahat Afroze, Registrar, Department of Internal Medicine, BIRDEM & Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: srafroze6@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Jejunal inflammatory fibroid polyp: a rare cause of intussusception]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Rajibul Haque Talukder</author><author>Md. Noor A Alam</author><author>Zahid Iqbal Jamal Uddin</author><author>Nilufar Shabnam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/256 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/256/AdminPDF/Talukder MRH p58-60.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.2 - July 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 58-60</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Inflammatory fibroid polyp is a benign and non-neoplastic condition of the gastro-intestinal tract, commonly affecting the gastric antrum, though it can affect any part of the gastro-intestinal tract. It is a submucosal, sessile, polypoid mass composed of myofbroblast like mesenchymal cells, numerous small blood vessels and marked inflammatory cell infiltrate mainly eosinophils. It commonly presents with intestinal obstruction or intussusception. We present here a case of recurrent episodes of small intestinal sub-acute obstruction due to intermittent intussusception associated with inflammatory ûbroid polyp of jejunum. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(2): 58-60Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Rajibul Haque Talukder, Registrar, Department of Surgery, Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Aveune, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of structured oral examination format used in the assessment of undergraduate medical course (MBBS) of the University of Dhaka]]></title>
                    <author>Md Shah Alam</author><author>Tahmina Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/71 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/71/AdminPDF/Alam_MS_P1—10.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 1-10</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Objectives of this cross sectional descriptive study was to evaluate critically the current status of structured oral examination (SOE) format as practiced in the professional examination of undergraduate medical course (MBBS) and views of the faculties regarding the concept of SOE as an assessment tool. The study was conducted in 9 medical college examination centers of Dhaka University in July 2007. There were 36 examiners in 18 SOE board, 26 of them were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire and SOE boards were observed with a checklist. A total of 2455 questions used in SOE to assess 123 students, were recorded and analyzed using another checklist. These questions were used to assess learning hierarchy and content coverage using forensic medicine as a reference subject. Analysis of the questions revealed majority (97%) were of recall type, only 3% were interpretation and problem solving types. The questions for 119 (97%) examinee did not address 10%-50% content area. About 38% examiners responded that they had no clear idea regarding learning objectives and none had idea regarding test blueprint.The examiners marked the domain of learning measured by SOE in favor of cognitive skill (61%), communication skill (38.5%), motor skill (11.5%), behavior and attitude (19%). No examiner prepared model answer of SOE questions by consensus with other examiner. Though more than 80% examiner agreed with the statement that pre-selection of accepted model answer is an important element for success of SOE. But no examiners of any SOE boards practiced it. Similarly, none of the examiners of SOE board kept records of individual question and the answer of the examinees. No boards maintained equal time for a candidate during SOE by using timer or stop watch. Examiners of 8 boards (44%) did not use recommended rating scale to score individual response of examinee rather scored in traditional consolidated way at the end of the candidate’s examination. Majority (94%) boards scored the prompted answer and allowed another questions when a candidate failed to answer. During SOE conduction, 22% examiner were absent from the board for a prolonged period and 3% was engaged in marking the written scripts. About 56% of the examiners arrived late than schedule time. Behaviors of 14% examiner showed abusing to the candidates. The study revealed that the objectives of introducing SOE as assessment tool in undergraduate medical curriculum was not achieved and it was not appropriately implemented. The various elements of SOE were not followed in most of the sessions of examinations. However, the reasons for not implementing vis a vis following the attributes of SOE were not explored. The study was done only in forensic medicine but similar situations may exist in other subjects. It is recommended that further study may be instituted to determine the causes of not achieving the objective of SOE in undergraduate medical evaluation system. The examiners should be motivated and trained up adequately to implement the elements of SOE successfully as valid, reliable and objective assessment tool. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 1-10 Address for Corresponded: Dr. Md Shah Alam, Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pvevalence of hypertension in people living in coastal areas of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>AH Syedur Rahman</author><author>Md. Hazrat Ali</author><author>Subrina Afrin</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author> Mohammad Mainul Hasan Chowdhury</author><author>Akhter Banu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/72 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/72/AdminPDF/Sayeed_MA_P11—17.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 11-17</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The prevalence of hypertension was reported higher in the coastal areas in different populations of the world. There was no study on the prevalence of hypertension among the coastal people in Bangladesh. This study addressed the prevalence and risk of hypertension among people living in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Total 32 different coastal communities were selected purposively in the six coastal districts (Barisal, Borguna, Vola, Pirojpur, Potuakhali and Jhalukathi) of Bangladesh. All people over 18 years were considered eligible. Social, clinical and family histories were taken. Height, weight, waist- and hip-girths were measured including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). Fasting blood glucose and lipids were also estimated. The accepted cut offs for systolic hypertension (sHTN) was ³135mmHg and diastolic hypertension (dHTN) was ³85 mmHg. Overall, 7058 (m / f = 2631 / 4427) people volunteered to participate in the study. The crude prevalence of sHTN was 17.8% [95% CI, 17.39 – 18.21] and dHTN was 19.0% [95% CI 18.08 – 19.92]. Compared to female, the male participants had higher prevalence of both sHTN (16.4 v. 20.2 %, p<0.001) and dHTN (17.4 v. 21.5%, p<0.001). The prevalence rates of sHTN were 14.6, 18.5 and 24.6% in the poor, the middle and in the rich class, respectively (p<0.001). Similar trend was observed with dHTN. Both types of HTN increased with increasing age (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), WHR (p<0.001) and WHtR (p<0.001). Logistic regression analyses proved that the participants of higher social class, of advancing age and with higher obesity had excess risk of hypertension. Positive family history of HTN, DM and stroke had also increased risk for HTN. We found higher prevalence of HTN in Bangladeshi coastal population compared to people living in other areas of Bangladesh. Family history of DM, HTN and stroke were significantly related to sHTN and dHTN. Increasing age, higher obesity and higher social class had excess risk for developing HTN. Further study may be undertaken to address other unexplored risks like physical inactivity, unhealthy diet or psychosocial stress affecting the coastal people. Salt content of water and food consumed by these people should also be investigated. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 11-17 Address for Corresponded: M. Abu Sayeed, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Child abuse in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Islam</author><author>Gulshan Ara Akhter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/73 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/73/AdminPDF/Islam_F_P18—21.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 18-21</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In Bangladesh, a large number of children are deprived of their basic human rights due to unacceptable health, nutrition, education as well as social conditions. In addition, children are exposed to severe forms of sexual, physical and mental abuses at home, in the work place, in institutions and other public places. The nature and extent of violence against children irrespective of age, sex and class has been increasing day by day. These include physical torture, rape, homicide and sometimes heinous attacks with acid. Children are also victims of child labor and trafficking, both of which are treated as the most severe form of child exploitation and child abuse in the world today. This review article is aimed to focus on the present situation of various forms of child abuses in our country. Data collection is based on secondary sources of information from Dhaka Medical College Hospital, One Stop Crisis Center (OCC),UNICEF, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, several Dhaka based organizations and news paper clipping. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 18-21 Address for Corresponded: Dr. Farzana Islam, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Molecular detection of atypical microorganisms in patients with ventilator associated pneumonia]]></title>
                    <author>Shahida Akter</author><author>Rehana Khatun</author><author>S.M Shamsuzzaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/252 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/252/AdminPDF/Akter_S_P22—25.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 22-25</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the critically ill patients of intensive care units (ICU). The present cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify bacterial causes of VAP among the patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The study was conducted between July, 2013 to June 2014. A total of 65 endotracheal aspirate (ETA) and blood samples were collected from patients with clinically suspected ventilator associated peumonia(VAP). Samples were collected from patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. ETA and blood samples were cultured aerobically. Multiplex PCR was performed with ETA to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Among the atypical bacteria, M. pneumoniae were detected in 5 (7.69%), L. pneumophila in 4 (6.15%) cases by multiplex PCR in ETA from VAP cases. No C. pneumoniae was detected. The study revealed that in VAP cases atypical bacteria should be considered as a possible bacterial agents. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 22-25Address for Corresponded: Dr. Shahida Akter, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of CTX-M β lactamases among Gram negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Taslima Yasmin</author><author>Md. Akram Hossain</author><author>Shyamal Kumar Paul</author><author>Golam Mowla</author><author>Safia Sultana</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/253 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/253/AdminPDF/Yeasmin_T_P26—30.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 26-30</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) produced by Gram negative bacteria are mainly mediated by three important genes, namely TEM, SHV and CTX-M. In this study, we used a multiplex PCR to determine the prevalence of CTX-M and its subgroups CTX-M-3, CTX-M-14, among the members of Enterobacteriaceae family and in Pseudomonas spp that were isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. A total of 300 culture positive clinical isolates were selected for the study. Out of these, 216 from urine, 45 from wound swab, 39 from pus aspirates. The ESBL status was determined by double disc diffusion test (DDDT) as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2010 (CLSI) and by multiplex PCR for TEM, SHV and CTX-M, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-14 genes. Out of 300 isolates tested, 71.3% were positive for ESBL production by DDDT. The rate of positivity for TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes in 107 randomely selected isolates was 83.2%. Among these, 56.2% (50/89) was positive for CTX-M. Among the CTX-M positive isolates, CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-14 were 78.0% (39/50) and 80.0% (40/50) respectively. Our study demonstrated that CTX-M variants were common in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp prevalent in the hospital of Bangladesh. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 26-30Address for Corresponded: Taslima Yasmin, Department of Microbiology, TMSS Medical College , Bogra.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels in Bangladeshi patients with coronary artery disease]]></title>
                    <author>Ashesh K. Chowdhury</author><author>Abu Mohammed Shafique</author><author>Zeenat F. Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/254 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/254/AdminPDF/Chowdhury_AK_P31—33.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/12</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 31-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Coronary arteay disease (CAD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developed as well as developing countries like Bangladesh. In this study, the status of serum apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-1) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels were assessed in Bangladeshi patients with coronary artery diseases. The study was carried out in the Department of Cardiology, University Cardiac Centre (UCC), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Total study population was 100, of which 50 were patients with CAD and 50 were individuals without CAD (control). The patients with CAD and controls were enrolled following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. About 5 ml blood was collected by venepuncture from each individual and apolipoprotein A-1 and B were determined by automated nephelometry. The mean age of total study population was 51.4 ± 10.8 years while the mean age of the patients and control was 51.3 ± 10.9 and 51.4 ± 10.9 years respectively. The Apo A-I level was significantly (p<0.01) different in CAD patients compared to control group (95.10 ± 20.50 mg/dl vs 113.47 ± 20.96 mg/dl). The ratio of Apo B and Apo A1 was also significantly higher (p<0.01) in CAD patients than that of controls (1.25 ± 0.40 vs 0.95 ± 0.26 while Apo B levels was not different among the two groups. The study revealed significant alteration of serum Apo A-I level and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio in patients with CAD compared to those without CAD. Further large-scale study is needed to evaluate the exact influence of apolipoproteins on coronary artery disease in Bengali ethnic population. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 31-33 Address for Corresponded: Ashesh K. Chowdhury, Department of Immunology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Atypical central serous chorioretinopathy treated with intravitreal injection of bivacizumab – a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Manash Kumar Goswami</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/74 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/74/AdminPDF/Goswami _MK_P34—36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.9 No.1 - January 2015</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 34-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is common in adult male having sudden dimness of vision in one eye and typical pattern of leakage in fundus fluorescein angiography. Treatment of typical central serous chorioretinopathy is conservative and / or focal laser photocoagulation. But atypical central serous chorioretinopathy is uncommon having different patterns of clinical presentation and features in fundous fluorescein angiography. Treatment option of atypical central serous chorioretinopathy is not yet established. Here, we present a case of atypical central serous chorioretinopathy successfully treated with intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF, Bivacizumab). Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 34-36 Address for Corresponded: Manash Kumar Goswami, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, BIRDEM General Hospital & Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Determinants of Contraceptive Use in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Nashid Kamal</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/68 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/68/AdminPDF/Mohsena M p34-40.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 34-40</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background: Bangladesh is experiencing a plateau phase in fertility decline after its dramatic reduction in early nineties. Aspects of contraceptive use dynamics have important influences on fertility. Methods: This study used data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and applied Multinomial Logistic Regression model to examine the determinants of use of modern methods of contraception. Results: The results showed that individual level characteristics had strong influence on contraceptive use. These variables included educational level of the couples, autonomy of woman, male child preference, woman’s membership with an NGO, visit by family planning worker, region and type of residence. Conclusion: The analysis indicated that further increase of contraceptive prevalence rate to achieve decline in fertility level depended on the improvement of educational status of couples and as well as increase in societal value of girl child. It was evident that household visit by a family planning worker was a significant factor in contraceptive use.  Influences of Muslim religion were found to be declining in the case of several methods of contraception use. NGOs could take this opportunity to advocate condom use among their credit clients, which would also benefit the country as a policy against sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 34-40 Address for Corresponded: Dr. Masuda Mohsena, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: masuda669@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[First Line Anti-Tubercular Drug Resistance Pattern of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolated From Specialized Hospitals of Dhaka City]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/69 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/69/AdminPDF/Mohiuddin M p41-46.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 41-46</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The present study was undertaken to determine the drug resistance pattern of M. tuberculosis isolated from 225 pulmonary and 45 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. The samples were cultured on Lowenstein Jensen (L-J) media for isolation of M. tuberculosis. Drug resistance to first line anti tubercular drugs- namely isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), Ethambutol (ETH) and streptomycin (SM) were determined by indirect proportion method. The overall drug resistance of M. tuberculosis was 53.6% to any of the first line anti tubercular drugs. Rate of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among the untreated cases was 4.2%, while it was 36.0% in previously treated cases. It was found that 83.3% rifampicin resistant M. tuberculosis was cross resistant to one or more of other first line anti-tubercular drugs, while cross resistance of INH, ETH and SM resistant isolates was much low. The present study revealed that high level of drug resistance exists to individual anti tubercular drugs and MDR-TB is an emerging problem, particularly in treated cases. Rifampicin resistance could be used as a surrogate marker for drug resistance to other first line anti tubercular drugs. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 41-46 Address for Correspondence:Prof. J. Ashraful Haq, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. e-mail: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Lipid Profile of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital of Dhaka City]]></title>
                    <author>Rona Laila</author><author>Nusrat Mahmud</author><author>Monnujan Nargis</author><author>TA Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/70 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/70/AdminPDF/Laila R p47-49.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 47-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common disorders in women at child bearing age. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lipid profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. A total of 103 women with PCOS of 15-36 years of age were included in the present study. Of the 103 PCOS women, 50% were overweight or obese, 29.1% had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 4.9% had type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mean BMI was generally higher (25.8±5.5 kg/m2). The mean serum cholesterol levels ranged from182 mg/dl to 236 mg/dl in all groups of women. The results of our study showed that women with PCOS had altered lipid profile and glycemic status. Therefore, evaluation of metabolic status is necessary for better management of women with PCOS. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 47-49 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Rona Laila, Assistant Professor, BIRDEM General Hospital. 1/1 Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Mobile: +8801711985438, Email: ronalaila7776@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Is Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) a Better Predictor than Creatinine Cutoff to Detect Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?]]></title>
                    <author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Md. Morshed Alam Khan</author><author>Sarwar Iqbal</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/249 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/249/AdminPDF/Khanam PA p50-55.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 50-55</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and major public health problems globally. In Bangladesh, several studies indicate an increasing prevalence of diabetes though very few studies are available on CKD. For CKD, diagnostic method, criteria or cutoffs still remained undecided. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD among the hospitalized patients and to compare the diagnostic approach practiced in the hospital. Methods: All patients admitted to the Department of Nephrology at BIRDEM from May 1 to July 31, 2012 were selected for investigation. An almost equal number of patients were also selected from other units of Medicine. The information included were age, sex, social class, blood pressure, height, weight, blood glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins and electrolytes. The CKDcreat was diagnosed based on creatinine (>1.2mg/dl) and the CKDgfr based on estimated GFR (<60 ml/min/1.73m2) following Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guideline. The comparisons of characteristics were made between CKDcreat and non-CKDcreat (£ 1.2 vs.>1.2 mg/dl) groups. Similar comparisons were also made between CKDgfr and non-CKDgfr (>60 vs. £ 60 ml/min/1.732) groups. Results: A total of 4172 patients got admitted in the study period of 90 days; and 442 patients (m / f = 256 / 186) were investigated. Of the total (n=4172), 241 (5.8%) had CKDcreat and 272 (6.5%) had CKDgfr. Of the investigated 442 patients, 241 (54.5%) had CKDcreat and 272 (61.5%) had CKDgfr. The differences of characteristics between CKDcreat and non-CKDcreat groups were almost similar to the differences between CKDgfr and non-CKDgfr groups. Higher age, higher social class and higher blood pressure showed significant (p<0.001) and similar associations with both CKDcreat and CKDgfr. Interestingly, if the cut-off of eGFR is taken at <90 ml/min/1.732, as suggested by K/DOQI, the prevalence of CKDgfr increases to 86.7%. This indicates a wide variation (32.2%) between the two criteria (CKDcreat: creat >1.2 mg/dl and CKDgfr: <90 ml/min/1.732). Thus, a large proportion remained either under- or over-diagnosed depending on the criterion used. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD among the hospitalized patients was found not negligible. The comparisons of two diagnostic criteria did differ and eGFR (K/DOQI) could detect higher proportion of CKD, which might be an over-diagnosis. Further study taking microalbuminuria, gross proteinuria, albumin-creatinine ratio and cystatin C may validate the method for the diagnostic accuracy of CKD, which my help assessing the prevalence of CKD accurately. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 50-55 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Parvin Akter Khanam, Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Activity of Mecillinam and Clavulanic Acid on ESBL Producing and  Non- ESBL Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated From UTI Cases]]></title>
                    <author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Nusrat Tahmina</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/250 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/250/AdminPDF/Shadia K p56-60.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 56-60</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Mecillinam is one of the very few oral antibacterial agents used against extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing urinary tract infection (UTI)). It is reported that, resistance to mecillinam can be reversed to some extent by adding beta lactamase inhibitor like clavulanic acid. The present study was aimed to determine in-vitro activity of mecillinam and mecillinam-clavulanic acid combination on the susceptibility of ESBL producing and non-ESBL producing E. coli. Total 124 E. coli (78 ESBL positive and 46 ESBL negative) isolates from urine samples of patients with UTI were included in the study. Organisms were isolated from patients attending BIRDEM General Hospital from July 2012 to December 2012. ESBL production was tested by double disc synergy test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mecillinam and clavulanic acid against E. coli was determined by agar dilution method. Of the total E. coli isolates, 62.9% was ESBL positive and 37.1% was negative for ESBL. Out of ESBL positive isolates, 75.6% was sensitive to mecillinam while ESBL negative isolates showed the sensitivity as 67.4%. The sensitivity to mecillinam of ESBL positive and negative isolates increased to 85.9% and 86.9% respectively by addition of clavulanic acid with mecillinam. The MIC values of intermediate and resistant isolates converted to sensitive MIC range after addition of clavulanic acid with mecillinam. Conversion of resistance of ESBL producing isolates by adding clavulanic acid was also evident by the reduction of MIC50 and MIC90 from 4µg/ml to £1 µg/ml and from 128 µg/ml to 64 µg/ml respectively. Similar trend of reduction of MICs was also observed in non-ESBLs. In conclusion, both ESBL positive and negative E. coli demonstrated considerable sensitivity to mecillinam and the sensitivity increased significantly (p<0.05) by adding clavulanic acid with mecillinam. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 56-60 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Khandaker Shadia, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Gall Bladder: A Case Report]]></title>
                    <author>Shamima Ferdousi</author><author>Sadia Armin Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/251 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/251/AdminPDF/Ferdousi S p61-63.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.2 - July 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 61-63</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Squamous cell carcinoma of the gall bladder is rare.  It accounts for less than 12.7 % of all cases of gall bladder cancer. Pure squamous cell carcinoma is even less common with a reported incidence of 3.3%. We present a case of 70 years-old man with decreased appetite, vomiting and fever associated with right upper quadrant pain for two months. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a distended gallbladder with multiple calculi along with large hyperechoic area of sludge. Provisional diagnosis was cholelithiasis with empyema of gall bladder. Cholecystectomy was done. Histopathological examination  revealed well to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the gall bladder without evidence of metastasis. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 61-63 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Shamima Ferdousi, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, e-mail: shamimaferdousi@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Plasma B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) As a Marker of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients]]></title>
                    <author>MM Zahurul Alam Khan</author><author>AKM Mohibullah</author><author>Md. Zahid Alam</author><author>AMB Safdar</author><author>Shabnam Jahan Hoque</author><author>Ashish Kumar Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/64 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/64/AdminPDF/Khan_MMZA.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 1-5</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The first stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy is represented by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) with preserved systolic function, in an asymptomatic patient. B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a cardiac neurohormone predominantly released from the cardiac ventricles in response to left ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload. The diagnostic role of BNP for detecting LVDD in asymptomatic diabetic patients is still debated and this study was undertaken to find out this relationship of plasma BNP level with LVDD in asymptomatic diabetic patients. First 100 patients who had type 2 diabetes for more than 5 years and had no known cardiac disease other than LVDD (grade-1 & 2), admitted in BIRDEM Hospital were recruited. Plasma BNP was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method using AXSYM auto analyzer. Two-dimensional, M-mode, spectral, and color flow Doppler echocardiograms was repeated on the same day of blood collection for plasma BNP measurement. After processing of all available data, statistical analysis of their significance was done with the help of computer based SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Science) program. Male female distribution of the study participants was 46% and 54% respectively. Mean plasma BNP level in all participants was 150 pg/ml. In male and female participants the values were 168 and 135 pg/ml respectively. The distribution did not show any significant association (p=0.491).  Of the 100 study participants 89% had E/A ratio <1. Distribution of participants with abnormal E/A and E/e did not show any significant association (p=0.955 and 0.844 respectively). Study participants with varying level of plasma BNP level were analyzed in terms of E/A and E/e ratio. Distribution of participants between BNP Groups and E/A and E/e groups did not show statistically significant association (p=0.529). We concluded that plasma BNP has no relation with LVDD (grade-1 and 2) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had no known cardiac disease. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 1-5 Key words: Diabetes mellitus, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, B-type natreuretic peptide.   Address for Correspondence:Dr. MM Zahurul Alam Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. email: zaksaifsk@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of Edible Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Type-2 Diabetics]]></title>
                    <author> M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Khaleda Khatun</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/65 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/65/AdminPDF/Sayeed_MA.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 6-11</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are on the increase globally and predominantly in the South East Asian Region (SEAR). The increasing NCD and its complications burdened the health cost of Bangladesh. The available literatures suggest that edible mushrooms are effective in controlling metabolic risks like hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. The study addressed the metabolic effects of edible oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in diabetic individuals and to assess the undesirable effects of mushroom. A total of 5000 newly registered diabetic women were screened for eligible participants (urban housewives, age 30 – 50y, BMI 22 – 27, FBG 8 – 12 mmol/l; free from complications or systemic illnesses and agreed to adhere to the study for 360 days). The investigations included weight and height for BMI, waist- and hip-girth for WHR, BP, FBG, 2ABF, T-chol, TG, HDL, LDL, ALT and Creatinine starting from the day 0 (baseline) and each subsequent follow-up days: 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 for comparison between placebo and mushroom groups and also within group (baseline vs. follow up days), individually for placebo and mushroom. The daily intake of mushroom was 200g for the mushroom group and an equivalent calorie of vegetables for the placebo group. Overall, 73 diabetic housewives (mushroom / placebo = 43 /30) volunteered. The mean (with SEM) values of BMI, WHR, BP, FBG, 2ABF, T-chol, TG, HDL, LDL, ALT and Creatinine of the placebo group were compared with the mushroom group. Compared with the placebo, the mushroom group showed significant reductions of FBG (p<0.001), 2ABF (p<0.001), T-chol (p<0.001), TG (p=0.03) and LDL (p<0.001); whereas, no difference was observed for BMI, SBP, DBP, HDL, Hb, creatinine and ALT. The comparison within groups (baseline vs. follow-up) there were significant reduction of these variables in mushroom but not in the placebo group. Mushroom was found to have significant effect in reducing blood glucose, T-chol, TG and LDL. No impaired function was observed for liver, kidney and hemopoeitic tissue in taking mushroom for 360 days of the study period. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 6-11   Acronyms – ALT – alanine amino transferase; BMI – body mass index (weight in kg / height in met sq.); BP – blood pressure (SBP, DBP); FBG – fasting blood glucose; glucose 2ABF – 2h after breakfast; Hb – hemoglobin; HDL – high-density lipoproteins; LDL – low-density lipoproteins; NCD – non-communicable diseases; T-Chol – total cholesterol; TG – Triglycerides; WHR – waist-to-hip ratio.   Address for Correspondence: M. Abu Sayeed, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial Sysceptibility Pattern of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Paediatric Diarrhoeal Patients]]></title>
                    <author>Shimu Saha</author><author>Sanya Tahmina Jhora</author><author>Tanjila Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/66 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/66/AdminPDF/Saha_S.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 12-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) mediated infantile diarrhoea among children is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of EPEC strains isolated from children under 5 years of age was studied. Stool samples from 272 patients with diarrhoea were collected from two tertiary care hospitals. Out of 272 stool samples, 20 (7.35%) isolates were identified as EPEC on the basis of presence of bfpA gene detected by polymerase chain reaction and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on these EPEC strains by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the EPEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), nalidixic acid (95%) and tetracycline (95%) and were sensitive to ceftazidime (95%), cefotaxime (90%), ceftriaxone (95%), imipenem (100%) and levofloxacin (85%). Isolation of EPEC is of great importance since they are responsible for acute diarrhoeal diseases in large number of children under the age of five years. The high antimicrobial resistance observed in our study indicates indiscriminate or improper use of antimicrobials, besides the risks of self-medication. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 12-16 Keywords: EPEC, Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.   Address for Correspondence:Dr. Shimu Saha, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Community Medical College, Bara Maghbazar, Dhaka. Mob: 01712568932, E-mail: shimusaha@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Melioidosis – Case Reports and Review of Cases Recorded Among Bangladeshi Population from 1988-2014]]></title>
                    <author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/247 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/247/AdminPDF/Barai_L.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 25-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially fatal infectious disease. Early and correct diagnosis is important, as mortality in untreated melioidosis is high. The first case of melioidosis from Bangladesh was reported in 1988. Since then a few cases have been reported from Bangladesh. We report here four culture confirmed cases of melioidosis diagnosed in BIRDEM Genaral Hospital during May 2009 to April 2010.The detail demographic data, clinical features and outcome are discussed. We have also reviewed all the melioidosis cases among Bangladeshi population recorded from 1988 to 2014. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 25-31 Address for Correspondence: Prof. Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Resistance Syndrome – A Case Report]]></title>
                    <author>SM Ashrafuzzaman</author><author>Zafar A Latif</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/248 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/248/AdminPDF/Ashrafuzzaman_SM.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 32-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Resistance to thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (RTSH) can be defined as decreased responsiveness to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) characterized by high TSH with normal but occasionally low T4 and T3 usually in absence of goiter or ectopic thyroid. It can be diagnosed when TSH is >30 mIU/L but free T4 (FT4) is within normal limit. Patient usually presents in euthyroid state with abnormally high TSH but may also present with mild to overt hypothyroidism. The precise prevalence is not known, but 20-30% infants may show transient mild RTSH. In adults it is rare. Here we report a case of RTSH in which a 19 years old young girl presented in euthyroid state with mild goiter. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 32-33 Keyword:  Resistance syndrome, TSH, FT4 Address for Correspondence: Dr. S.M. Ashrafuzzaman, Associate Proessor, Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail: ashraf_zaman1961@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Subclinical Hypothyroidism & Infertility: A Review]]></title>
                    <author>HS Ferdous</author><author>Faria Afsana</author><author>Nazmul Kabir Qureshi</author><author>Rushda SB Rouf</author><author>Irfan N Noor</author><author>AA Parvez</author><author>AS Mir</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/67 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/67/AdminPDF/Ferdous_HS.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.8 No.1 - January 2014</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 17-24</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) may be of greater clinical importance in women with “unexplained” infertility, especially when the luteal phase is inadequate, and such patients should be investigated for thyroid dysfunction in detail. To date, studies investigating the association between SCH and infertility are still based on the high serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels while some older studies are based on the presence of an abnormal serum TSH after a thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test. The recommendation in the current guidelines to treat subclinical hypothyroidism is based on minimal evidence and it is thought that with treatment the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks. Thyroxine-replacement therapy should be started in patients with SCH caused by conditions which are at high risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 17-24 Keyword: Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Infertility, TSH, L-thyroxine   Address for Correspondence: Dr. H.S.Ferdous, Senior Consultant, Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: dr_hsferdous@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and perinatal outcomes in GDM and non-GDM in a rural pregnancy cohort of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>Samsad Jahan</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>M Mainul Hasan Chowdhury</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Umme Ruman</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/60 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/60/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p21-27.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 21-27</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or hyperglycemia in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as large for gestational age (LGA), excess fetal adiposity and cesarean delivery. This study addressed the prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy and to compare the perinatal outcomes between GDM and non-GDM in a rural pregnancy cohort of Bangladesh. Ten villages were purposively selected in a rural area about 100 km off Dhaka City. A population census was conducted. A randomized sample of married women of age 15-45y was drawn from the census data. These women having either regular menstruation (non-regnant) or cessation of menstruation for ³24weeks (pregnant) were considered eligible. Both the pregnant and non-pregnant women were invited to volunteer the study. Weight, height, waist- and hip-girth and blood pressure were taken. Fasting blood sample was collected for the estimation of plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (chol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL). FPG >5.1 mmol/L was taken as cut-off for hyperglycemia in non-pregnant and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for the pregnant women. The biophysical characteristics were compared between pregnant and non-pregnant; and then GDM and non-GDM. Only the pregnant women were taken as a pregnancy cohort. The cohort had follow-up from 24wks of pregnancy through 28 post-natal days. Results The census yielded 23545 (m / f=11896 / 11649) people of all ages. The married women of age 15-45y were 4526. Of them, 2100 were randomly selected for investigation and 1585 (75.5%) volunteered. The overall prevalence (95% CI) of hyperglycemia (FPG >5.1 mmol/L) was 18.5% (16.7 – 20.3). The prevalence of GDM was 8.9% (7.0 – 10.8) and non-GDM was 19.8% (18.8 – 20.8). The BMI and WHR were significantly higher in the pregnant than non-pregnant women; whereas, there was no significant difference between GDM and non-GDM group. The prevalence rates of abortions, stillbirths, hospital delivery, cesarean delivery, hospital stay ³7days, puerperal sepsis and neonatal death did not differ between GDM and non-GDM subjects significantly. The prevalence of GDM in rural Bangladesh is comparable with any other population with higher prevalence of GDM. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was found significantly higher in the non-pregnant than the pregnant women. The anthropometric measures did not differ significantly between GDM and non-GDM though FPG was found significantly higher in the former. Compared with the non-GDM the GDM subjects had no significantly higher fetomaternal morbidity and mortality possibly due to non-sedentary habit, non-obesity, non-dyslipidemia or may be due to inherent genetic makeup. A well designed study in a larger sample may explain our findings. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 21-27 Key words: Gestational diabetes, adverse outcomes, pregnancy cohort, rural community Acronyms: BP, blood pressure; SBP, DBP systolic, diastolic BP (mmHg); BMI, body mass index (wt in kg/ht in met sq); CI, 95% confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L); chol, total cholesterol; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus (FPG >5.1mmol/L); HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TBA, trained birth attendant; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist-girth/ hip-girth.   Address for Correspondence:Dr MA Sayeed, Professor & Head, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[High level gentamicine resistance and susceptibility to vancomycine in enterococci in a tertiary care hospital of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Shakila Tamanna</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>AA Ahmed</author><author>J Ashraf Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/61 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/61/AdminPDF/Tamanna S p28-31.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 28-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Vancomycin and high level gentamicin resistant enterococci detection is important for effective treatment and control of nosocomial infection. The present study was undertaken to determine the species distribution of Enterococcus and the rate of vancomycin and high level gentamicin resistant enterococci (HLGRE) in clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital of Dhaka city. Enterococci were identified to species level by standard biochemical and serological methods. Their susceptibilities to antibiotics were determined by disc diffusion method according to CLSI guideline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin and gentamicin were determined by agar dilution method. The study was conducted from July 2009 to February 2010. Among 80 isolates, 95% and 5% were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium respectively. Out of 80 isolates 72 (90%) were sensitive and 8 (10%) were intermediate resistant to vancomycin (30µg) by disc diffusion method, but all isolates were susceptible by agar dilution MIC method. Out of 80 enterococci, 37 (46.25%) showed high level resistance to gentamicin (MIC: > 500 µg/ml) by MIC method but, initially six of which showed sensitive result to gentamicin by disc diffusion method using 120 µg disc. The study indicated high prevalence of HLGRE in our hospital population. MIC method was more accurate in detecting high level gentamycin resistant enterococci compared to disc diffusion method with 120 µg gentamicin disc. However, none of the enterococcal strains showed resistance to vancomycin. HLGRE should be monitored regularly in clinical samples as it is difficult to treat. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 28-31 Key word: Enterococcus, HLGRE, VRE Address for Correspondence:Prof. J. Ashraful Haq, Professor of Microbiology & Principal, Ibrahim Medical College 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000. E-mail: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Association of elevated serum cardiac troponin-I level and complications in acute heart failurecases]]></title>
                    <author>Farjana Akhter</author><author>Selina Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/62 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/62/AdminPDF/Aktar F p32-34.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 32-34</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Acute heart failure is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Available published data has suggested that patients of acute heart failure with elevated level of serum cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) have more adverse outcomes than that of acute heart failure with normal cTn-I level. Elevated level of serum cTn-I is a potential risk factor for acute heart failure. This study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College and National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) during the period from January 2010 to December 2010. In this study, 100 patients with acute heart failure were enrolled. Out of 100 cases, 50 had elevated serum cTn-I (cTn-I ³ 1.0 ng/ml) and 50 had normal serum cTn-I (cTn-I < 1.0 ng/ml). The adverse outcome of the two groups were recorded and compared. Patients with high and normal serum cTn-I had mean age of 52.40 ± 8.10 years and 54.64 ± 7.26 years respectively while male and female cases were equally distributed. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (lower ejection fraction) was significantly (p<0.05) higher among cases with elevated cTn-I level compared to those with normal level. The rate of renal failure (raised serum creatinine), impaired liver functions (raised ALT and AST) and abnormal serum electrolytes were significantly higher among the patients with elevated cTn-I compared to those with normal level. The study showed that elevated serum cTn-I level was a good biomarker to indicate adverse complications in acute heart failure cases. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 32-34 Key word: cardiac troponin-I, acute heart failure Address for Correspondence:Dr. Farjana Aktar, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of aegle Marmelos fruit pulp powder on glycemic status of type 2 diabetic patients]]></title>
                    <author>Murshida Aziz</author><author>Liaquat Ali</author><author>Masfida Akhter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/241 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/241/AdminPDF/Aziz M p35-37.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 35-37</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Plant materials are considered to be attractive potential sources of alternate agents in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Different parts of Aegle marmelos have been claimed to possess anti-glycemic property. The present study was conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to June 2011 to determine the anti-glycemic effect of A. marmelos unripe fruit pulp in T2DM patients. The experiment was conducted under a crossover design and the effects were analyzed during the 0-21 as well as 28-49 days with 7 days wash out period. The data were then pooled and the baseline versus endpoint values was also compared. The mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) values did not significantly differ between the two groups at any time points. No significant difference between the baseline and end point values regarding FBG. The effect on blood glucose was not significant in any of the analysis. This study did not reveal any anti-glycemic effect of A. marmelos fruit pulp in T2DM patients. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 35-37 Key word: Aegle marmelos, type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic   Address for Correspondence:Dr. Murshida Aziz, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Laparoscopic evaluation of tubal pathology in cases of infertility]]></title>
                    <author>Maherunnessa</author><author>T.A. Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/244 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/244/AdminPDF/Maherunnessa p38-40.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 38-40</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Infertility is a public health problem in developed and developing countries. Diagnostic laparoscopy is a generally accepted procedure to detect pelvic organ pathologies affecting fertility. This study was undertaken to find out the tubal pathology contributing to primary and secondary infertility by laparoscopic examination. The study was carried out in the department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, BIRDEM during the period of January 2001 to December 2001. The study group comprised of 100 cases of infertile patients of age between 20 to 40 years. Sixty seven percent patients had primary infertility and 33% patients had secondary infertility. Size and shape of the uterus was normal in 69% cases and bicornuate uterus was found in 2% cases. Out of total cases, 71% and 69% had normal right and left fallopian tubes respectively. Patency of right and left fallopian tube was normal in 90% and 89% cases respectively while 11% and 10% had peritubal adhesions. Laparoscopy examination is an important tool for evaluation of tubal pathology contributing to infertility and might play a major role in infertility management. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 38-40 Key Words: Infertility, Laparoscopy, Tubal factors.   Address for Correspondence:Dr. Maherunnessa, Registrar, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM General Hospital, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000. Email: mmaherun@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A case of acute liver failure in dengue hemorrhagic fever]]></title>
                    <author>Rama Biswas</author><author>Kazi Ali Hasan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/63 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/63/AdminPDF/Biswas R p41-42.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 41-42</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Dengue is an arboviral disease endemic in many parts of the world. The clinical presentation of dengue viral infection ranges from asymptomatic illness to fatal dengue shock syndrome. Although, it is known to cause hepatic involvement, it occasionally results in acute hepatic failure. We report a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever presenting with acute liver failure. The case recovered completely after treatment. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 41-42 Keywords: Dengue fever, acute liver failure.   Address for Correspondence:  Dr. Rama Biswas, MBBS, FCPS, Specialist, Department of Medicine, Square Hospitals Ltd,18/F, Bir Uttam Qazi Nuruzzaman Sarak (West Panthapath), Dhaka -1205. E-mail: drramabiswas@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Peripheral
soft tissue ewing’s sarcoma: a rare case report]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Shegufta</author><author>Mahfuz Ara Ferdousi</author><author>Md Abu Taher</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/245 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/245/AdminPDF/Shegufta F p43-46.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.2 - July 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 43-46</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A 22 years male patient presented with gradual left forearm swelling for 6 months. X ray forearm revealed large soft tissue swelling with tiny calcification and mild scalloping at inner aspect of ulna and ultrasonogram (USG) revealed soft tissue mass having calcification and necrotic areas within and spectral Doppler showed arterial type of blood flow with no augmentation. Later computerized tomography (CT) scan showed soft tissue mass with necrotic area and calcification with no bony involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing lobulated mixed intensity lesion in antero-medial compartment of the left forearm involving flexor group of muscles causing displacement of fat plane. MRI and subsequent histopathology of the lesion revealed it as a rare soft tissue Ewing’s sarcoma / primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in extremity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(2): 43-46 Key words: PNET, Left forearm , X ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farzana Shegufta, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Maternal and childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh: Keeping the issue on the agenda]]></title>
                    <author>Masuda Mohsena</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/243 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/243/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of MRSA chrome agar for the detection of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus]]></title>
                    <author>Durdana Chowdhury</author><author>Sanya Tahmina Jhora</author><author>Tarek Mahbub Khan</author><author>Sadia Afroz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/56 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/56/AdminPDF/Chowdhury D p1-4.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 1-4</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of MRSA Chrome agar to detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and compare it with 1µg oxacillin disc diffusion tests and detection of mecA gene by PCR. A total 116 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), isolated from various clinical samples, were obtained from three tertiary care hospitals of Dhaka city. S. aureus was identified by colony characters, Gram stain and standard biochemical procedures. MRSA was detected by susceptibility to 1µg oxacillin disc, growth of denim blue color colonies of S. aureus on the Brilliance MRSA Chrome agar at 24 and 48 hours of incubation. PCR was performed for amplification of mecA gene as a gold standard method. Out of 116 isolated S. aureus, 33 (28.44%) were MRSA by oxacillin disc diffusion test where mecA gene was detected in 28 strains. On MRSA Chrome agar, 29 (25.0%) S. aureus produced denim blue colonies at 24 hours, of which 28 isolates possessed mecA gene. At 48 hours incubation, an additional 4 isolates yielded denim blue colonies from which mecA gene could not be identified. All the strains of S. aureus that produced denim blue colonies at 24 and 48 hours were resistant to oxacillin. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of oxacillin disc diffusion test were 100%, 94.31% and 95.68% and Chrome agar at 24 hours were 100%, 98.86% and 99.13% respectively. Thus MRSA Chrome agar could be good choice in clinical microbiology laboratory for rapid and accurate identification of MRSA. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 1-4 Key words: MRSA chrome agar, media, detection, Staph AureusAddress for Correspondence: Dr. Durdana Chowdhury, Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka. E-mail: durdanachowdhury@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetic patients]]></title>
                    <author>Najmun Nahar</author><author>Shaheda Anwar</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/57 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/57/AdminPDF/Nahar N p5-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 5-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Conjunctival flora refers to population of microorganisms that dwell within the eyes of healthy individuals and is important in maintaining a healthy ocular surface and normal conjunctival function. Conjunctival flora may be altered by a variety of factors that include age, immunosuppression and geography. Immune function is compromised in diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to see the pattern of conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. This cross sectional study was carried out in BSMMU during the period of January 2011 to December 2011. Total 500 conjunctival swabs were collected from both eyes of 50 diabetic patients attending OPD of Endocrinology Department of BSMMU and 200 non-diabetic individuals. Significant number of culture was positive in diabetic patients (64.0%) compared to that of non-diabetic individuals (38.0%). Staphylococcus epidermidis was predominant  in both study groups (diabetic vs non-diabetic: 41.3% vs 65.26%). Staphylococcus aureus (15.22%), Escherichia coli (6.52%) and Enterobacter (8.33%) were isolated in diabetic patients. Rate of positive culture in both and single eyes were higher in diabetic (28%, 36.0%) than that of non-diabetic individuals (9.5%, 28.5%). Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 5-8 Key words: Conjunctival flora, diabetes mellitus (DM).Address for Correspondence: Dr. Najmun Nahar, Lecturer, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: nazmun_nahardr@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Drug resistance pattern of M. tuberculosis in category II treatment failure pulmonary tuberculosis patients]]></title>
                    <author>Fahmida Rahman</author><author>Sadia Sharmin</author><author>Md. Mustafa Kamal</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/58 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/58/AdminPDF/Rahman F p9-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 9-11</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was designed to determine the extent of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis (MTB) isolated from category II treatment failure pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. A total of 100 Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) smear positive category II failure PTB patients were included in this study. Sputum culture was done in Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media. Conventional proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) media was used to determine the drug susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ofloxacin (OFX) and kanamycin (KA). Out of 100 sputum samples, a total of 87 samples were positive by culture. Drug susceptibility test (DST) revealed that 82 (94.25%) isolates were resistant to one or more anti -TB drugs. Resistance to isoniazide (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ofloxacin (OFX) and kanamycin (KA) was 94.25%, 82.75%, 29.90% and 3.45% respectively. Among these isolates, 79.31% and 3.45% isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extended drug resistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis respectively.  High rate of anti-tubercular drug resistance was observed among the category II treatment failure TB patients. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 9-11 Key Words: MDR-TB, XDR-TB, Category II treatment failure tuberculosis.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Fahmida Rahman, M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, Email: sonet.mithi@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A rare case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas associated with pancreatolithiasis]]></title>
                    <author>Rashid MM</author><author>Rabbi H</author><author>Islam MA</author><author>Husain MM</author><author>Minu AR</author><author>Ali M</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/59 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/59/AdminPDF/Rashid MM p12-15.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 12-15</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Pancreatolithiasis is a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. We report here a rare case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas in a 55-year old diabetic male associated with pancreatolithiasis. CT scan of abdomen revealed a large operable mass occupying the distal body and tail of the pancreas. Per-operative survey revealed a small metastatic nodule in the surface of hepatic segment IVa. Histopathology of the distal pancreatic lesion revealed sarcomatoid carcinoma. Hepatic nodule was a metastatic adenocarcinoma. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was done en-mass, along with non-anatomical resection of the hepatic metastatic nodule. Combined with six cycles of chemotherapy, the patient survived a total of another fourteen months. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 12-15 Key word: Sarcomatoid carcinoma of pancreas, Anaplastic carcinoma of pancreas, Pancreatolithiasis   Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital, Shahbagh, Dhaka – 1000.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Breast abscess due to salmonella enterica serovar typhi in ayoung diabetic female]]></title>
                    <author>Lovely Barai</author><author>SA Jilani</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/239 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/239/AdminPDF/Barai L p16-17.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 16-17</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is occasionally associated with abscess formation in various organs of the body. But breast abscess by S. Typhi without the general and specific symptoms of typhoid fever is unusual. We report a case of breast abscess due to S. Typhi in a 20 year old non-lactating diabetic female without the features of typhoid fever. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 16-17 Key words: Salmonella Typhi, breast abscess, asymptomatic typhoid fever.   Address for Correspondence:Prof. J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000. E-mail: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[AcidViolence: A burning issue in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Gulshan Ara Akhter</author><author>Farzana Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/240 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/07/240/AdminPDF/Akhter GA p18-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/07/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.7 No.1 - January 2013</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 18-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Acid violence is a barbaric form of violence in Bangladesh. Acid violence also called acid throwing or vitriolage, is defined as the act of throwing of strong corrosives on face and body of a person with the intention of causing permanent disfiguration, intense pain, scarring and sometimes blindness. All of these injuries are considered as ‘grievous hurt’ under section 320 of B.P.C (Bangladesh Penal Code). For the last few years it is on the rise in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The perpetrators are mostly men and adolescent boys. The overwhelming majority of the victims are women and many of them are girls and young females. Recently, however, there have been acid attacks on children, older women and also men. These attacks are often the result of family and land dispute, dowry demands or a desire for revenge due to failure in love affairs or marriage proposals. It is considered as one of the extreme forms of repression and violation of women’s right. This review article is aimed to focus on the present situation of this barbaric act of vengeance against women and young adolescent girls with regard to frequency, causes, long term consequences and creating public awareness on the issue by tightly regulating the sale and transport of acid as well as enacting harsher penalties for perpetrators. Data collection is based on information from Dhaka Medical College hospital, One Stop Crisis Center (OCC), Acid Survivors’ Foundation, Naripokkho Action Aid and several Dhaka based organizations. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 18-20 Key words: Acid violence, Grievous hurt, Women rights violation.   Address for Correspondence:Dr. Gulshan Ara Akhter, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Control of hospital acquired infection in Bangladesh – an endeavor to be strengthened]]></title>
                    <author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/229 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/229/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Hyperglycemia, Young Age, Altered Sleep Habits: The Three Shifting Paradigms of Coronary Artery Disease Risk Stratification]]></title>
                    <author>Irtiza Hasan</author><author>Tasnuva Rashid</author><author>Iffat Tasnim</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/52 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/52/AdminPDF/Hasan I p39-45.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 39-45</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The study was undertaken to estimate the risk factors age, gender, race, obesity (BMI), glycemic status (prediabetes, diabetes), exercise and psychosocial factors (sleep, sadness) related to coronary artery disease (CAD). The data set for this study is the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is a large scale, cross sectional, voluntary, household interview survey maintaining data on health status, health care access and progress towards achieving the national health objectives in the USA. A total of 26,965 (male/female =55.8/ 44.2%) subjects were included in the study. Of them, 79.9% were less than 65 years of age. Regarding obesity, overweight, obese and morbid obese were 34.8, 17.3 and 11.0%, respectively. Sadness of any degree was reported in 28%. Sleep duration was found <5h/d in 8.7% and > 9h/d in 9.7%. Heart disease was reported in 4.9%. About 10% were reported to have diabetes and 4.1% prediabetes. 40% of the respondents’ maintained exercise once per week and only 12.8% maintained 10 or more times per week. Logistic regression estimated that compared with the non-diabetics, the subjects with prediabetes (OR 3.27, 95% CI, 2.32-4.59) and diabetes (OR 6.44 95% CI, 5.21-7.96) had excess risk of CAD, more significant in the younger subjects (<65y) than in the older (>65y). The risk of CAD was found significant in both prediabetes (OR 2.47, 95% CI, 1.44-4.23) and diabetes (OR 3.03, 95% CI, 2.16-4.24) as compared with non-diabetic group who slept >9h a day. The subjects with prediabetes or diabetes had excess risk for CAD compared with the non-diabetic subjects, which was more marked in the younger people. Again, compared with the non-diabetic people, the subjects with prediabetes or diabetes, having less sleep or excess sleep, had excess risk for CAD. Further study may confirm our findings. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 39-45 Keywords: diabetes, altered sleep Coronary artery disease Address for Correspondence:Dr. Irtiza Hasan, 19125 NE 65th Way, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA. e-mail: mihasan@live.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diagnosis of Tubercular Lymphadenitis by PCR of Fine Needle Aspirates]]></title>
                    <author>Masud Parvez</author><author>Md. Mohiuddin</author><author>Md. Zahid Hassan</author><author>Farooque Ahmad</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/53 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/53/AdminPDF/Parvez_M_p46-49.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 46-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A definitive and accurate diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis is important for its proper management. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an easy procedure for collection of material for cytopathological and bacteriological examination. But the detection rate of M. tuberculosis from the aspirated material is low with Ziehl-Neelson (Z-N) stain and even with culture. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid method for diagnosis of tuberculosis from various clinical samples. In the present study, PCR was employed for the detection of mycobacterial DNA sequences in fine needle aspirates of twenty cases of suspected tubercular lymphadenitis and compared with cytomorphological characteristics, Z-N stain and culture. Thermo stable multiplex PCR was used to detect Mycobacterium specific DNA. The rate of PCR positivity for mycobacterial DNA was 70% as compared to 50% and 60% by Z-N stain and culture respectively. Papanicolaou as well as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains of fine needle aspirated (FNA) materials detected granulomatous lesions suggestive of tubercular infection in only 50% cases. FNAC with Type 3 cytomorphological pattern without presence of granuloma yielded highest positivity rate by PCR. PCR was found more sensitive technique to detect Mycobacterium in patient with tubercular lymphadenitis. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 46-49 Key Words: Fine needle aspiration, M. tuberculosis, Polymerase chain reaction Address for Correspondence:Dr. Masud Parvez, Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Shere Bangla Nagar, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis]]></title>
                    <author>Sadya Afroz</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/54 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/54/AdminPDF/Afroz_S_p50-54.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 50-54</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This case control study was conducted between January to June 2010 to determine the relationship between substance abuse and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis. A total of 73 cases were selected purposively, from culture- positive multidrug- resistant tuberculosis patients admitted in the National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka and compared with 81 un-matched controls, recruited from the cured patients of pulmonary tuberculosis who attended several DOTS centers of ‘Nagar Shastho Kendra’ under Urban Primary Health Care Project in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face to face interview and documents’ review, using a pre- tested structured questionnaire and a checklist. Multidrug- resistance was found to be associated with smoking status (χ2 = 11.76; p = 0.01) and panmasala use (χ2 = 8.28; p = 0.004). The study also revealed that alcohol consumption and other substance abuse such as jarda, sadapata, gul, snuff, heroine, cannabis, injectable drugs was not associated with the development of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis. Relationship between substance abuse and multidrug- resistant tuberculosis are more or less similar in the developing countries. Bangladesh is not out of this trend. The present study revealed the same fact, which warrants actions targeting specific factors. Further study is recommended to assess the magnitude and these factors related to the development of multidrug- resistant tuberculosis in different settings in our country. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 50-54 Key words: Tuberculosis, Multidrug- resistant tuberculosis, Substance abuse. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sadya Afroz, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, Shahbagh, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Anti-hyperlipidemic action of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) juice in alloxan induced diabetic rats]]></title>
                    <author>Selima Sultana</author><author>Shakil Akter</author><author>Md. Ismail Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/224 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/224/AdminPDF/Sultana S p55-58.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 55-58</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Hyperlipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor contributing to atterosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Zingiber officinale (ginger) widely consumed as spice is known for its hypoglycemic and hypochlosteremic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate anti-hyperlipidemic action of ginger juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Male Wister rats, 130-150 g wt, fed on standard diet and water ad libitum were divided into 4 groups (n=6 in each group): group I non-diabetic control, group II non-diabetic treated; group III diabetic control and group IV diabetic treated. Diabetes was induced by Inj. alloxan 150 mg Kg–1 b.w., i.p. (group III & IV) on Day 2. Rats having blood glucose level of >7 mmol/l on day 5 (72 hrs after alloxan Inj.) were considered diabetic and selected for experimentation. Both non-diabetic and diabetic treated groups (Gr II & IV) received Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice (4 ml Kg–1 b.w., p.o.) for 10 days (day 2-day 11) through Ryles tube. On Day 12, animals were sacrificed under light ether anaesthesia, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and serum separated for estimation of lipids. Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice significantly (p<0.01) decreased alloxan induced hyperglycemia (group IV), but had no effect on blood glucose level in normal rats (group II); significantly (p<0.001) reduced alloxan induced hyperlipidemia, but produced no significant lipid lowering effects in normal rats (group II). The results suggest a significant anti-hyperlipidemic action of Zingiber officinale (ginger) juice in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The findings may be clinically significant and exploited. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 55-58 Key words: Anti-hyperlipidemia, Zingiber officinale (ginger), diabetic rats Address for Correspondence: Dr. Selima Sultana, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Ad-din Women’s Medical College, 2 Bara Magbazar, Dhaka-1217, e-mail: ark_udd@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cirrhosis of liver and diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>Smita Debsarma</author><author>Md. Ziaul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/225 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/225/AdminPDF/Debsarma S p59-63.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 59-63</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Diabetes mellitus is being recognized as a serious global health problem and frequently associated with cirrhosis of liver. The cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 83 diabetic cirrhotic patients admitted in Gastrointestinal Hepatobilliary and Pancreatic Disorders Department of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic disorders and 83 non-diabetic cirrhotic patients admitted in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibar Medical University, Dhaka to assess the relationship between cirrhosis of liver and diabetes mellitus. The study was carried out during the period of January to June, 2010 and data were collected through face to face interview and reviewing medical documents by using a semi-structured questionnaire and checklist. Male, Muslims and illiterate were predominant in both diabetic and non-diabetic cirrhotic patients. It was found that non-viral cirrhosis was much higher in older age group (51-60years) than in younger age group (41-50years) in comparison to viral cirrhosis and this difference was found statistically significant [χ2(3)=20.97, p<0.001]. Association of non-viral cirrhosis was found with hyperglycemia [χ2(1)=15.65, p<0.001], poor glycaemic control [χ2(1)= 9.86, p<0.01] and longer duration of diabetes [χ2(2) =9.51, p<0.01]. Non-viral cirrhosis was significantly higher (28.3%) among the diabetic patients than the non-diabetic patients who suffered more (28.3%) from viral [χ2(1)=41.36, p<.001]. The study recommends for glycemic control by leading disciplined life and taking apposite therapy for prevention of non-viral cirrhosis among diabetic patients. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 59-63 Key Words: Cirrhosis, Diabetes mellitus Address for Correspondence:Dr. Smita Debsarma, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka 1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Virilization in a Girl with Adrenocortical Adenoma: A Case Report]]></title>
                    <author>Tahniyah Haq</author><author>S M  Ashrafuzzaman</author><author>Zafar A Latif</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/55 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/55/AdminPDF/Haq T p70-72.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 70-72</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[We present a case of Cushing’s syndrome and virilization in a 15 year old girl which was suspected to be due to an adrenal carcinoma. She presented with features of virilization in addition to those of hypercortisilism. Her high androgen levels especially dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were also in favor of an adrenal carcinoma. An unenhanced computerized tomography (CT) scan showed a mass (size: 5.3 cm) in the right adrenal gland with a soft tissue intensity of more than 10 HU which was suggestive of adrenal carcinoma. But, histopathology of the resected mass revealed a benign adrenocortical adenoma. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 70-72 Key words: Virilization, adrenocortical adenoma. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahniyah Haq, Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, E mail: tahniyahhaq@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A rare case of intra-osseous meningioma of the sphenoid bone – a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Mahfuz Ara Ferdousi</author><author>Md. Mofazzal Sharif</author><author>Hijbul Bahar</author><author>A.S. Mohiuddin</author><author>ATM Mosharef Hossain</author><author>Sultana Gulshana Banu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/227 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/227/AdminPDF/Ferdousi MA S p73-75.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 73-75</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A 42-year-old female patient presented with loss of vision and proptosis of her right eye. Computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed hyperostotic lesion involving the right sphenoid ridge, anterior clinoid process and roof and lateral wall of orbit with mass effect on the intraorbital contents. CT findings were suggestive of intra-osseous meningioma arising from right sphenoid bone. Later, MRI of the brain and orbit and histopathology of the lesion confirmed the case as an intra-osseous meningioma of the sphenoid bone. Though meningioma of tuberculum sella and primary calvarial meningioma were reported earlier, intraosseous meningioma of the sphenoid bone is rare. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 73-75 Key words: Intra-osseous, meningioma, sphenoid Address for Correspondence:Dr. Mahfuz Ara Ferdousi, Associate Professor, Radiology and Imaging, BSMMU, and Department of Radiology and Imaging, BIRDEM]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Post vaccination myelitis in a young woman following administration of rabies chick embryo cell vaccine – a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Shapur Ikhtaire</author><author>M A Faiz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/228 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/228/AdminPDF/Ikhtaire S p76-77.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/05</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 76-77</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A case of post-vaccination myelitis following administration of chick embryo cell rabies vaccine in a 20 year-old young lady is described. The case presented with paraplegia five days after receiving the third dose (on 12th day) of the vaccine for rabies. Myelitis was confirmed by signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She improved considerably on steroids treatment. This is the first case of myelitis following rabies chick embryo cell vaccination in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 76-77 Key words: Myelitis, rabies, vaccine Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shapur Ikhtaire, Medical Officer, Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Email: ikhtaireshapur@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Maternal mortality – a public health problem]]></title>
                    <author>Sonia Shirin</author><author>Shamsun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/226 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/06/226/AdminPDF/Shirin S p64-69.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/06/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.2 - July 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 64-69</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Maternal mortality is an important indicator which reflects the health status of a community. It can be calculated by maternal mortality ratio (MMR), maternal mortality rate (MMRate), and adult life time risk of maternal death. MMR estimates are based on varieties of methods that include household surveys, sisterhood methods, reproductive-age mortality studies (RAMOS), verbal autopsies and censuses. Main causes of maternal mortality are hemorrhage, infection, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and obstructed labour. Factors of maternal mortality have been conceptualized by three delays model. Estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) trend between 1990 and 2010 (over 20 years period) suggest a global reduction (47%), with a greater reduction in developing countries (47%) including Bangladesh than in developed countries (39%). However, to meet the challenge of Fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5 i.e. to ensure 75% reduction of MMR by the year 2015), the annual rate of MMR decline and increase of skilled attendant at birth need to be still faster. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 64-69 Key Words: Maternal mortality, trends. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Sonia Shirin, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka 1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Organ transplantation in Bangladesh – challenges and opportunities]]></title>
                    <author>Professor Mohammad Ali</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/218 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/218/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Underutrition and Adiposity in Children and Adolescents: A Nutrition Paradox in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>Mir Masudur Rhaman</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/48 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/48/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p1-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 1-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Many studies reported a high prevalence of undernutrition in the under-5 children in Bangladesh. But very few information are available about undernutrition and adiposity among school children and adolescents in Bangladesh. This study addressed the prevalence of undernutrition and obesity among school going children and adolescents. A total of 15 secondary schools were purposively selected from rural, suburban and urban areas. The teachers were detailed about the study protocol. Then the teachers volunteered to register the eligible (age 10 – 18y) students for the study. Each student’s parent was interviewed for family income. Height (ht), weight (wt), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and blood pressure were taken. Fasting blood samples were collected for fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (ht/wt in met. sq) for diagnosis of undernutrition (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5 – 22.9) overweight (BMI 23.0 – 25.0) and obesity (BMI >25.0). A total of 2151 (m-1063, f-1088) students volunteered the study. Of them, the poor, middle and rich social classes were 25.4, 53.1 and 21.5%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obesity were 57.4%, 35.0%, 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. For gender comparison, there has been no significant difference of BMI between boys and girls. By social class, the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in the poor than in the rich (62.2% v. 43.6%) and obesity was higher in the rich than in the poor (6.1% v. 1.2%) [for both, p<0.001]. Logistic regression showed that the participants from urban (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 – 2.22) and the rich (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.24 – 3.33) social class had excess risk for obesity. The risk for undernutrition was found just reverse. Undernutrition was found most prevalent among the rural students and among the poor social class; whereas, prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be increasing with urbanization and increasing family income. Thus, the study showed a nutrition paradox – adiposity in the midst of many undernourished children and adolescents in Bangladesh. Further study may be undertaken in a large scale to establish diagnostic criteria for age specific nutrition assessment in Bangladesh. A prospective children cohort may help assessing the cut-offs for unhealthy sequels of undernutrition and adiposity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 1-8 Key words: children, undernutrition, obesity, social class, rural, urban Address for Correspondence:Dr MA Sayeed, Professor & Head, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000. Email: sayeed1950@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Comparison of three mycobacterial DNA extraction methods from extrapulmonary samples for PCR assay]]></title>
                    <author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Shaheda Anwar</author><author>Sayera Banu</author><author>Ahmed Abu Saleh</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/49 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/49/AdminPDF/Shadia_K_p9-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 9-11</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Sensitivity of the molecular diagnostic tests of extrapulmonary tuberculosis largely depends upon the efficiency of DNA extraction methods. The objective of our study was to compare three methods of extracting DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for testing by polymerase chain reaction. All three methods; heating, heating with sonication and addition of lysis buffer with heating and sonication were implicated on 20 extrapulmonary samples. PCR positivity was 2 (10%), 4 (20%) and 7 (35%) in the samples extracted by heating, heat+sonication and heat+sonication+lysis buffer method respectively. Of the extraction methods evaluated, maximum PCR positive results were achieved by combined heat, sonication and lysis buffer method which can be applied in routine clinical practice. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 9-11 Key words: Tuberculosis, extrapulmonary, DNA, extraction Address for Correspondence:Dr. Khandaker Shadia, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, e-mail: drsadialima@ymail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pattern of lipid profile among type 2 diabetic patients]]></title>
                    <author>Nazia Elham</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/50 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/50/AdminPDF/Elham N p12-17.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 12-17</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a serious global health problem and frequently associated with disabling and lifethreatening complications related to some modifiable risk factors. One of the modifiable factors is dyslipidemia. This study addressed the dyslipidemic status of 124 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending the outpatient department, Ibrahim General Hospital and Diabetic Care and Education Center Dhanmondi, Dhaka during the period from January to June 2010. The diagnosed diabetic subjects were interviewed and the biochemical investigation data were collected from record review. Three fourth of the respondents were female and majority (24.2%) of them were 46 to 50 years of age. Most of the respondents were graduates having neuclear families. The mean total cholesterol and triglyceride were found 181.7±43.0 mg/dl and 161.0±112.5 mg/dl respectively. According to NCEP ATP III (2001), 59.7% of the participants had high level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and only 18% had desired level of high density lipoproteins (HDL). The mean (±SD) of LDL and HDL were 109.8±37.0 mg/dl and 41.0±7.9 mg/dl respectively. Men had elevated level of mean TG with wide variation (185.98±179.56 mg/dl) than women (151.63±72.16 mg/dl). The mean (±SD) of HDL was found lower in men than women (35.8 ± 6.3 vs. 42.9 ± 7.5 mg/dl, p< 0.05) though not significant. The study revealed that dyslipidemia (high TC, TG, LDL and low HDL) was prevalent among the T2DM subjects, which needs attention of equal importance to maintain within normal limit as with the control of hyperglycemia and hypertension. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 12-17 Key Words: Lipid Profile, Type 2 Diabetic patients, Pattern Address for Correspondence:Dr. Nazia Elham, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka, E-mail: naziaelham@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Thickening of gallbladder wall in chronic liver disease – a marker for esophageal varices]]></title>
                    <author>Shamsi Ara Begum</author><author>Arif Akbar Saibal</author><author>Kanta Das</author><author>Sharmistha Dey</author><author>Akhtar Uddin Ahmed</author><author>A S Mohiuddin</author><author>Mohsin Kabir</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/219 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/219/AdminPDF/Begum SA p18-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 18-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was done to find out the relationship between gallbladder wall thickening and esophageal varices in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. A total of 61 CLD patients were included and divided into two groups. Group A included 13 CLD patients with no oesophageal varices and Group B composed of 48 CLD patients with esophageal varices. Mean gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) of Group B was 5.6±0.2mm compared to 2.7±0.1mm of Group A. The mean differences of GBWT were statistically significant between group A and group B (P<0.05). The mean GBWT was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CLD patients with grade III and IV varices (6.1±.8 mm) compared to grade I and II (3.9±0.7 mm). The result suggests that GBWT may be considered as an important marker for the presence of esophageal varices in CLD patients. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 18-20 Key words: Gallbladder thickening, Esophageal varices Address for Correspondence: Dr.Shamsi Ara Begum, Registrar, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Ibrahim Medical College& BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Antidiabetic and analgesic effects of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) in Swiss albino mice]]></title>
                    <author>Most. Chand Sultana Khatun</author><author>M. Ripon Mia</author><author>M. Ashraf Ali</author><author>M. Moshiur Rahman</author><author>Khadiza Begum</author><author>Kohinur Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/220 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/220/AdminPDF/Khatun MCS p21-26.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/16</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 21-26</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and purposes: Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa, a medicinal plant is popularly used as herbal remedy for various ailments in Bangladesh. It was also reported that GP has both anti-hyperglycemic and analgesic effects and being widely used to reduce blood glucose and to alleviate pain for many years in this region though published literatures are scarce. The present study was designed to evaluate whether ethanolic extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (GP) have anti-hyperglycemic and analgesic effects. A total of 60 Swiss Albino male mice of nine weeks (weight, 20-25g) were used for investigation. Of them, 40 were made diabetic by alloxan. They were investigated in two groups – a) 20 mice by oral glucose tolerance test (4 samples OGTT) – at 0, 30, 90 and 120 min; and b) 20 mice for a week-long antihyperglycemic activity on day 0, 1, 3 & 7. Both the groups were subdivided into four, each having 5 mice – i) the ‘control’ received only 0.5% methyl cellulose as vehicle; ii) ‘Standard’ received vehicle plus metformin; iii & iv) test ‘DGP250’ & ‘DGP500’ received vehicle plus GP extract with 250 & 500 mg /kg, respectively. For the analgesic activity, 20 mice were investigated in four subgroups, each having 5 mice and similar steps were adopted. Here, vehicle was used 1% Tween 80 and intra-peritoneal injection of Acetic acid for eliciting pain in all four subgroups. The ‘standard’ group got diclofenac sodium for comparison with the test groups ‘GP250’ and ‘GP500’. In OGTT, Ethanolic extract of GP250 and GP500 reduced blood glucose at 90 min. But the levels of reduction were more significant at 120 min, 50.7% by GP250 and 66% by GP500 (p<0.001). The reduction is almost comparable with that induced by metformin. Likewise, for a weeklong anti-hyperglycemic activity, the GP extracts were found as equally effective as metfomin, which was also dose dependent. In addition to antihyperglycemic effect, the ethanolic extract of GP showed significant analgesic effect that was also dose dependent. Our results indicate that GP extract has antihyperglycemic effect in both short and in weeklong duration, which is almost comparable to Metformin HCL, a known and widely used antihyperglycemic agent. The GP extract was also found to have an analgesic effect almost comparable to diclofenac sodium, a known analgesic drug. Further study is needed to confirm the anti-hyperglycemic and analgesic effect of GP including its side effects in long term use. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 21-26 Key words: Glycosmis pentaphylla (GP), Diabetes mellitus, antidiabetic and analgesic activity Address for Correspondence: Dr. Kohinur Begum, Department of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, 15/1 Iqbal Road, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207. E-mail: kohinur025@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Acinetobacter species in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Azizun Nahar</author><author>Shaheda Anwar</author><author>Ahmed Abu Saleh</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/221 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/221/AdminPDF/Nahar A p27-30.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 27-30</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Acinetobacter species are aerobic Gram variable coccobacilli that are now emerging as an  important nosocomial pathogen. Infections caused by them are difficult to control due to multidrug resistance. The purpose of this study was to detect virulence factors namely gelatinase production, biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter species. Two hundred fifty six clinical samples collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib medical University (BSMMU) and from burn unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital were included in the study. Gelatinase production was seen on Luria Bertani agar media containing gelatin (30 gm/l) and biofilm formation was detected in microtiter plate assay. Out of 256 clinical samples, 52 (20.3%) were Acinetobacter species. Out of 52 Acinetobacter isolates, none were gelatinase producer but 39 (75%) were found biofilm producers. Acinetobacter isolates were 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. High level of resistance was also recorded for amoxicillin (98.1%), aztreonam (98.1%), gentamicin (90.4%), ciprofloxacin (73.1%), amikacin (57.6%), netilmicin (53.8%) and imipenem (44.2%). Susceptibility to colistin was maximum (96.2%). The present study demonstrated a high propensity of biofilm formation by the clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species and most of the Acinetobacter  were multidrug resistant. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 27-30 Key words: Acinetobacter, biofilm, gelatinase Address for Correspondence:Dr. Azizun Nahar, Senior lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  E mail: drnahar.a_26@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A Complex Case of Haemoglobin E Disease with Immune Thrombocytopenia and Combined Iron, Folate and Vit B12 Deficiency]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Sirazul Islam</author><author>Tashmim Farhana Dipta</author><author>Gazi Sharmin Sultana</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/51 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/51/AdminPDF/Islam MS p31-33.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 31-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This is a case report of a 13 years old indigenous ‘Garo’ girl who presented with purpuric spots and ecchymotic patches all over the body with menorrhagia, mild jaundice, severe anaemia, marked thrombocytopenia, moderate neutrophil leucocytosis and reticulocytosis. Investigations revealed this as a complex case of Haemoglobin E disease with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and combined iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency. The case is discussed thoroughly. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 31-33 Key words: Hb E disease, immune thrombocytopenia, combined deficiency. Address for Correspondence: Professor Md Sirazul Islam, Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry & Haematology, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, BIRDEM Dhaka- 1000, Email: drmsiraz@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Gitelman’s syndrome presented with tetany: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Zahid Alam</author><author>AMB Safdar</author><author>Shabnam Jahan Hoque</author><author>Rownak Jahan Tamanna</author><author>Rowsan Ara</author><author>MM Zahurul Alam Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/222 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/222/AdminPDF/Alam MZ p34-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 34-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Gitelman’s syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter at the distal tubule, characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalciuria. We report a case of Gitlman’s syndrome in a 44 years old female patient who presented with generalized muscle weakness and carpal spasm and characteristic electrolyte abnormalities. This condition is sometimes confused with Bartter’s syndrome. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 34-36 Key words: Gitelman’s syndrome, tetany Address for Correspondence:Dr. Md. Zahid Alam, Junior consultant, Department of Cardiology (Room: 813), BIRDEM Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, email: ilazybear@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Recurrent mediastinal lipoma: a case report]]></title>
                    <author>Jafreen Sultana</author><author>Zinat Nasrin</author><author>Md. Mahfuzar Rahman</author><author>Nayeema Rahman</author><author>Abul Khair Ahmedullah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/223 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/223/AdminPDF/Sultana J p37-38.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/18</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.6 No.1 - January 2012</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 37-38</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Mediastinal lipoma (ML) is a rare entity. Though the mediastinum is the most common site of intrathoracic lipoma, ML constitutes less than 1% of all mediastinal tumours. ML frequently presents on incidental radiographic finding, CT scan is considered the investigation of choice. CT features of lipoma are quite characteristic. They are clinically significant because: (1) Despite their benign nature, these tumours tend to reach an enormous size and can cause compression of lungs and mediastinal structures; (2) It may not always be possible to differentiate a ML from a liposarcoma by CT or MRI alone. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 37-38 Key words: Mediastinal, lipoma Address for Correspondence:Dr. Jafreen Sultana Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology & Imaging, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Critical care medicine in Bangladesh: a national health care challenge]]></title>
                    <author>Mohammad Omar Faruq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/212 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/212/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Subjects on Dyslipidemia]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Saleh</author><author>Shirin Jahan Mumu</author><author>Fadia Afnan</author><author>Liaquat Ali</author><author>Habib Sadat Chaudhury</author><author>Afroza Akhter</author><author>Kazi Rumana Ahmed</author><author>Sanzida Akter</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/44 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/44/AdminPDF/Saleh F p37-41.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 37-41</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic subjects on dyslipidemia and to analyze the influence of some demographic and socioeconomic factors on the level of KAP.It was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. One hundred eleven newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects (male 61%, female 39%, age 45±9 years, BMI 24±4.8 Kg/m2) with hypercholesterolemia (fasting plasma total cholesterol >200 mg/dl) were selected from the out patient department of BIRDEM by purposive sampling method. Data were collected by a pre-designed, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Three categories were defined on the basis of the score obtained by each subject namely low, medium and high as follows: knowledge-score <50%, 50-60% and >60%; attitude-score <60%, 60-80% and >80%; and practice-score <50%, 50-70% and >70% respectively. The levels of knowledge were low in 42%, medium in 35% and high in 23% of the study subjects. The corresponding attitude levels were low in 1%, medium in 31% and high in 68%, and the levels of practice were low in 80%, medium in 14% and high in 6% of the subjects. The knowledge score was higher in secondary and graduate (53.4±8.9%, and 54.9±10.1%) groups compared to illiterate-primary group (48.9±9.9%). Practice score of illiterate-primary group (34.5±16.8%) was lower than secondary and graduate (43.1±13.9% and 46.7±18.1%) groups, but they did not differ on attitude. The various income groups did not differ on knowledge. Attitude score of high-income group (78.7±8.4%) was better than low-income group (70.9±11.8%). Practice score in high-income group (44.7±16.0%) was better than medium income and low-income groups (31.3±14.5% and 28.6±15.0%). Knowledge and practice score in Bangladeshi hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic subjects are not satisfactory although they have fairly good attitude levels. Education and income status are the major determinants of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dyslipidemia in diabetes. A coordinated  policy is required to promote knowledge and attitude on healthy lifestyle and to translate those into practice. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 37-41 Key words: Knowledge, attitude, practice, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia Address for Correspondence:Farzana Saleh, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, 125/1 Darussalam Mirpur Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. e-mail: farzanasaleh_sumona@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Trends of antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella Enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi in an urban hospital of Dhaka city over 6 years period]]></title>
                    <author>Khandaker Shadia</author><author>Shajeda Binte Borhan</author><author>Humaira Hasin</author><author>Sharmin Rahman</author><author>Shahin Sultana</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>MS Alam Jilani</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/45 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/45/AdminPDF/Shadia K p42-45.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 42-45</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The antibiotic resistance pattern of salmonella is ever changing over time. The present study is a retrospective analysis of rate of isolation of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi and their antibiotic resistance pattern over 6 years period in an urban hospital of Dhaka city.  Blood culture submitted in BIRDEM hospital from 2004-2009 were analyzed. Isolated Salmonella sp were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by a standard disc diffusion method. Among 385 isolated Salmonella sp 304 (79%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and 81 (21%) were Salmonella enterica serover Paratyphi A. The rate of isolation of S. Paratyphi A has increased over 6 the year period from 14% to 24%. Resistance to individual first line anti-salmonella drugs has increased from 2004 to 2006 (42 to 63%) but has decreased thereafter. Similar pattern was found when simultaneous resistance to three first line antibiotics namely ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were considered. Out of total 304 S. Typhi, 117 (38%) were simultaneously resistant to all three first line drugs compared to only 1.8% S. Paratyphi A. Analysis showed that 80 to 90% of isolated S. Typhi was nalidixic acid resistant (NARST) with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin while the rate for  S. Paratyphi A was 71-94%. All S. Typhi and Paratyphi A were sensitive to ceftriaxone. The study showed that there was a gradual decline of resistance of S. Typhi to first line antibiotics but very high prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 42-45 Key words: Salmonella, antibiotic Address for Correspondence:J. Ashraful Haq, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College and BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Liver enzymes in diabetic and non diabetic subjects with clinically diagnosed hepatitis]]></title>
                    <author>Bidhan Chandra Sarkar</author><author>Hasi Rani Saha</author><author>Palash Kumar Sarker</author><author>Niranjan Kumar Sana</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author><author>Subhagata Choudhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/46 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/46/AdminPDF/Sarkar BC p46-50.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 46-50</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The occurrence of liver disease and raised liver enzymes is common in diabetic patients and the increasing level of enzymes indicates the severity of hepatic injury. Very few studies have addressed this issue in Bangladesh though Bangladeshi population is very much susceptible to diabetes. This study investigated a total of 1400 diabetic patients and 100 non diabetic individuals to compare the level of liver enzymes between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The comparisons were made among subjects who were referred to the department of Gastro-hepato-pancreatic diseases (GHPD) of BIRDEM with the clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis and other gastro-intestinal disorders. The investigations included alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels. The subjects were categorized with and without hepatitis based on these investigations. The biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) did not differ significantly between non-diabetic male and female subjects. Neither the differences were significant between diabetic males and females though the diabetic patients had higher level of markers. In contrast, when compared between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects there were striking differences in either sex. Compared with the non-diabetic the diabetic subjects had significantly higher level of ALT (48.3 vs. 277.0), AST (42.0 vs. 213.0) and ALP (148 vs. 302) in males (p<0.005 for all). Similarly, these values were found significantly higher in diabetic females than their non-diabetic counterparts (p<0.01). For bilirubin, it was also found significant in males (p<0.001). The study revealed that the liver enzymes were found elevated in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects who were referred with clinically diagnosed hepatitis. The enzymes were found markedly elevated among the diabetic than non diabetic patients, which indicate hepatic injury was more marked among the diabetic patients. Further study may confirm these findings. It is suggested that other socio-demographic and biophysical risk factors are important to be investigated in order to prevent increased hepatic damage among the diabetic subjects. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 46-50 Key words: Liver function tests (LFTs), bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, hepatitis. Address for Correspondence: Bidhan Chandra Sarkar, Scientific officer, General Laboratory, BIRDEM, Room No# 234, 1st Floor, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Email: bidhan_sar@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Sonographic measurement of inferior vena cava diameter – a noninvasive tool to detect acute blood loss]]></title>
                    <author>Kanta Das</author><author>Shamsi Ara Begum</author><author>Sharmistha Dey</author><author>MA. Quddus</author><author>AS Mohiuddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/47 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/47/AdminPDF/Das_K_p51-53.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 51-53</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Detection and monitoring of blood loss in trauma patients can often be challenging. Change in the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) occurs due to alteration in circulating blood volume (CBV) and blood loss. Ultrasonographic measurement of IVCd provides a noninvasive real-time information of the CBV. The present study was designed to determine whether acute blood loss could be detected by sonographic measurement of the IVCd. A total of 50 volunteer blood donors aged 18 to 57 years were studied in the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from July 2004 to June 2005. The inferior vena cava diameters, both during inspiration and expiration were measured by ultrasound examination immediately before and after donation of a single unit (450ml) of blood. During examination, the transducer was applied to the epigastrium parallel to the median line about 2 cm to the right of it for sagittal sections, and at a right angle to the median line about 3 cm below the xiphoid process for transverse sections. In sagittal sections, the inferior vena cava behind the liver were imaged during inspiration and expiration. The mean diameter of IVC during expiration before and after the blood donation was 17.5mm (±1.56mm) and 11.93mm (±1.48mm) respectively. Likewise, the mean diameter of IVC during inspiration before and after the blood donation was 12.96mm (±1.61mm) and 7.58mm (±1.29mm) respectively. The decrease in INV diameter following blood loss was significant (p< 0.01). Thus, the acute depletion of CBV could be detected by measuring the change of IVCd by sonography. Further study may be undertaken to determine the relationship of unit change of IVCd due to acute blood loss in case of trauma or other conditions. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 51-53 Key words: Sonographic, inferior vena cava Address for Correspondence:Dr. Kanta Das, Junior consultant, Department of Radiology and Imaging, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Growth of very low birth weight infants and its association with feeding regimens]]></title>
                    <author>Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan</author><author>MAK Azad Chowdhury</author><author>Md. Mahbubul Hoque</author><author>Mohammed Maruf-ul-Quader</author><author>Mahfuza Shirin</author><author>M Monir Hossain</author><author>Rumana Aziz</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/213 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/213/AdminPDF/Khan MFH p54-58.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 54-58</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Clinical care of infants with very low birth weight (weighing<1500 gm at birth) in developing countries can be labour intensive and is often associated with a prolonged stay in hospital. Although several studies have shown the benefits of early discharge from the hospital for premature infants, it is still a common practice to delay discharge of these infants until they reach a weight of 2000 gm or more. The present study was undertaken to test the assumption that very low birth weight (VLBW) infants can attain optimum growth at home and to find its association with feeding regimens. This prospective observational study was conducted at Neonatal Out-patient Department, Dhaka Shishu  Hospital over a period of 1 year from January 2010 to December 2010. A total of 92 very low birth weight neonates were enrolled during discahrge in the Neonatal Unit of Dhaka Shisu Hospital. Out of these 92 neonates 16 neonates expired while 7, 4 and 1 neonates dropped out in the first, second and third follow up respectively. The neonates after discharge were fed on three types of feeding regimens at home. The feeding regimens were expressed breast milk (EBM), EBM+ infant formula (mixed feeding) and infant formula only).The outcome variable was growth in terms of increase in weight, length and occiputo-frontal circumference (OFC). The other outcome measures were respiratory tract infection (RTI), diarrhoea and anaemia, visit to physician and readmission to hospital for the morbidities they encountered. The neonates were observed up to three consecutive follow-ups from their date of discharge. The median gestational age at birth was 31 weeks. Approximately 57% of the neonates were admitted within 72 hours of birth with median age at admission being 24 hours. Females were slightly higher (54.3%) than the males (45.7%). The mean weight, length and OFC at admission were 1208 gm 39.8 cm and 28.3 cm respectively. The study demonstrated a steady increase of weight, length and OFC of the infants up to a median age of 6 months with mixed  and EBM feeding compared to infant formula group. Regarding RTI, diarhoea and anaemia  the breast fed group suffered less frequently than the groups fed with infant formula and EBM+infant formula groups. The frequency of visits to physician and hospital admission were significantly lower in the EBM group than the other two groups. Higher frequency of breast feeding reduced the chance of infection and its severity. Infants discharged below1500 gm grew well with exclusive breast milk. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 54-58 Key words: Growth, very low birth weight infants, feeding regimens, morbidity. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan, Medical Officer, Department of Neonatology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail: khan.faizul@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Distribution of phenotypic and genotypic ABO and rhesus blood groups among Bangladeshi population]]></title>
                    <author>Tashmim Farhana Dipta</author><author>Md. Roushan Iqbal</author><author>Ahmed Zahid Hossain</author><author>Md. Tahminur Rahman</author><author>Subhagata Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/214 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/214/AdminPDF/Dipta TF p59-62.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.2 - July2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 59-62</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The present study is a retrospective analysis of allelic frequency of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups of donors attending the Deaprtment of Transfusion Medicine of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. BIRDEM IS a 625 bed hospital, where patients and blood donors come from all parts of Bangladesh. A total of 1, 28,506 blood donors of both genders were included in the study over fourteen years from June 1995 to June 2009 for analysis. Blood group was determined by performing the both tube and slide method blood grouping method. The distribution of blood groups in our population was B>O>A>AB in Rh positive groups donors and O>B>A>AB among Rh negative donors. Blood group B was more common among the males (37.42%) while O was predominant among female donors (33.83 %). On the other hand, blood group O negative was predominant in both genders (36.88%). In this study, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law was used to calculate the allelic frequency for ABO/ Rh system. Homozygous allelic frequency for Rh negative population was only 0.0007. Although phenotypically B group was dominant and AB was rare in our population, but according to Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law the estimatedallelic frequency of A (0.3694) and O (0.3040) showed higher frequency than B type (0.2300) in Bangladeshi population in both homozygous and heterozygous state. So, with increasing population of Bangladesh, this changing trend in estimated blood group in ABO system may play an important role in our genetic pattern. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(2): 59-62 Key words: ABO and Rhesus blood group, phenotypic frequency, allelic or genotypic frequency Address for Correspondence:Dr. Tashmim Farhana Dipta, Associate Professor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, BIRDEM Hospital and Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; email: tashmim@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diseases of social and mental health: are we concerned?]]></title>
                    <author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/202 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/202/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): i-ii]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Diagnostic significance of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase activity in tuberculous pleurisy]]></title>
                    <author>Sharmeen Ahmed</author><author>Reaz Fatema</author><author>Ahmed Abu Saleh</author><author>Humayun Sattar</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/40 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/40/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p1-5.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 1-5</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is difficult because of its non-specific clinical presentation and insufficient efficiency of conventional diagnostic methods. The study was carried out to evaluate the utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of TPE. ADA activity was measured in pleural fluid of 103 pleural effusion patients by colorimetric method using a commercial ADA assay kit. The diagnosis of TPE was made from pleural fluid examinations (including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology) and pleural biopsy. Patient with negative result of this methods were diagnosed by response of empirical treatment. Out of 130 cases, 62 (61.1%) had TPE and the remaining 41 (39.8%) had pleural effusion due to non tuberculous diseases. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean of pleural fluid ADA levels (70.82±22.54 U/L) in TPE group and (30.07±22.93 U/L) in non-TPE group. Of 62 TPE cases, microscopy for AFB and culture for M.tuberculosis in pleural fluid revealed positivity in 9.6% and 22.5% cases respectively, and biopsy of pleura showed typical epithelioid granuloma in only 43.5% cases. The cut-off value of ADA for diagnosing TPE was 40 U/L using a ROC curve, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 88%. Positive and negative predictive value of ADA assay were 92% and 90% respectively. The overall test accuracy was 90%. Pleural fluid ADA assay is therefore a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific adjunct test for diagnosis of TPE. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 1-5 Keywords: Pleural fluid, adenosine deaminase, tuberculous pleural effusion Address for Correspondence:Dr. Sharmeen Ahmed, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University(BSMMU), Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Inducible clindamycin resistance among staphylococci isolated from clinical samples in an urban hospital of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Shameem Akhter</author><author>S M Zahurul Haque Asna</author><author>M Mushfequr Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/41 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/41/AdminPDF/Akhter S p6-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 6-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Inducible clindamycin resistance was deremined in 200 clinical isolates of staphylococci from pus (53.5%) and wound  swab (46.5%). The study was done from July 2009 to June 2010, in the Department of Microbiology, BIHS Hospital Dhaka. Inducible clindamycin resistance was demonstrated by placing an erythromycin disc (15 mg) 15 mm apart from the edge of a clindamycin (2 mg) disc in Mueller Hinton agar. When the clindamycin inhibited zone becomes D- shaped the organism was regarded as postive for inducible resistance (D- test positive). Out of 200 staphylococci, 20% had inducible clindamycin resistance, 5% had constitutive clindamycin resistance and remaining 75% was clindamycin sensitive. In case of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 48% had inducible clindamycin resistance while 11.5% was constitutively resistant to clindamycin and remainder were clindamycin sensitive. All clindamycin resistant strains were 100% sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid followed by gentamycin (42%) and tetracycline (42.3%). The findings demonstrated that a substantial proportion of staphylococci in our tertiary care hospital had inducible   resistance to clindamycin. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 6-8 Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, Inducible clindamycin resistance, Constitutive clindamycin resistance, D-test. Address for Correspondence:Dr. S M Zahurul Haque Asna, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences(BIHS), 125/1 Darussalam, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. e-mail: asnabd04@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Body mass abdominal index: A new index for adiposity among pre-school children]]></title>
                    <author>Subal Das</author><author>Kaushik Bose</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/42 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/42/AdminPDF/Das S p9-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 9-12</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The new index Body Mass Abdominal Index (BMAI) has been derived by combining two separate indices – weight for height and waist for height ratios. Our study investigated the relationship of common indicators of abdominal adiposity – waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHTR), conicity index (CI) and newly proposed body mass abdominal index (BMAI) with body mass index (BMI) among 347 pre-school children of Purulia District, India. Results showed that significant correlations were observed for all adiposity measures except WHR. A noteworthy point was that the correlations were strongest (p < 0.01) with BMAI (boys: r = 0.863, girls: r = 0.863). The correlations of BMAI with BMI were similar in both sexes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the new index BMAI has a distinct advantage as it relates much strongly with overall adiposity (BMI) than the other commonly used indicators of adiposity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 9-12 Key Words: Pre-school children, body mass index, body mass abdominal index, India. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Kaushik Bose, Reader in Biological Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore–721 102, West Bengal, India, E-mail: banda@vsnl.net and kaushikbose@cantab.net]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge, attitude and practice of maternal health care amongst the married women in a rural area of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Sonia Shirin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/203 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/203/AdminPDF/Shirin S p13-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 13-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Bangladesh is facing a big challenge in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Addressing maternal health issues is now on the global social agenda in the new millennium. This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the unions of Sreepur Upazilla in March 2010 among 300 rural married women having at least one living child. Data were collected by face to face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire to asses the knowledge, attitude and practice on maternal health care of married women in Sreepur Upazilla. The mean ± SD age of women was 33.5 ± 10.4 years and monthly income was Tk. 6,518.3 ± 5,142.4. Reproductive history of the women reveals that mean ± SD age at marriage, age at first child, and parity were 15.3 ± 2.9, 18.2 ± 3, 3 ± 2 years respectively. Only 42.3% of the respondents knew about swelling of the foot, 36.3% were aware of fits, 25.7% knew about severe headache and 24.7% knew about unusual bleeding as warning signs of pregnancy. About 84.3% respondents knew that the first meal of the baby should be colostrum. Among the participants 57%, 70.7% and 62.3% had average knowledge on ANC, INC and PNC respectively. Rural married women having a positive attitude towards maternal health care was 96.3% in ANC, 80% in home delivery, 61.3% in hospital delivery and 95.3% in PNC. Itwasfoundthat35.6%and27.1%respondentsweretakingANC3 and4timesrespectively.Among the respondents 66.7% had done their laboratory examination and 84.7% took vitamins adequately. About 67.2% respondents performed normal physical work as before during pregnancy and 30.5% took more food than before. Home delivery was practiced by 88.3% respondents and 10.3% women delivered their baby at the hospital. Among the respondents who delivered their baby at home, 64.9% of them practiced few of the features of safe home delivery. Practice was good on ANC among 55.3% respondents where poor practice was found 69.3% on INC and 72.3% on PNC. Age and monthly income were related to knowledge on ANC (P<.001, P<.05) and PNC (P<.01, P<.05) respectively. Practice on maternal health care also related to socio-economic condition of the rural women. Women in rural settings are vulnerable due to poor maternal health care and exposed to risk of pregnancy and child birth. Appropriate health education activities, encouraging institutional delivery and development of socio-economic status are key factors to improve our maternal health. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 13-16 Key Words: Knowledge, attitude, practice, maternal health care, Bangladesh. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sonia Shirin, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Factors associated with secondary infertility]]></title>
                    <author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author><author>Sonia Shirin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/204 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/204/AdminPDF/Momtaz H p17-21.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 17-21</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Infertility is an experience that strikes at the very core of a woman’s life and as a whole her family and society. Studies in Bangladesh to evaluate the factors are difficult to come by. This case control study was carried out from Jan 2010 to June 2010 to find out the factors associated with secondary infertility. A total of 70 cases were selected from the infertility unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and 70 unmatched controls from the same hospital attending the pediatrics unit with their children were also recruited. Data were collected by interview and review of documents. No age difference was noticed between the cases (29.26 ± 4.13) and controls (29.21 ± 3.95). Association of secondary infertility was found with body mass index (p=0.036), previous bad obstetric history (p = 0.011) and previous caesarian delivery (p=0.044). Women with secondary infertility were more than four times more likely to have gynecological problem(s) than their fertile counterparts [OR 4.76 with 95% CI (2.018-11.270)]. The factors identified in this study might help the policy makers in designing prevention and health care programmes and thus reducing the hidden burden of secondary infertility. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 17-21 Key Words: Secondary infertility, factors, association. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Hasina Momtaz, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam, Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of Nigella Sativa Linn (Ranunculaceae) ground seed extract on Carrageenan induced inflammation in rats]]></title>
                    <author>Saima Parveen</author><author>Sitesh Chandra Bachar</author><author>Zinnat Ara Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/205 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/205/AdminPDF/Parveen S p22-24.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 22-24</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Nigella sativa Linn (Family: Ranunculaceae) Bengali name “kalo jera” is used as spice in Bengali foods. Native to Western Asia, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, the black seed oil has been valued for its health benefits for centuries. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach aches, asthma, bronchitis, coughs, fevers, tumour and as a tonic. The dried and grounded seed was extracted with ethanol and the extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The extracts were administered orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, and statistically significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose dependant manner. The extract showed 28.75% and 43.79% inhibition of inflammation at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight after first hour of the carrageenan administration which was comparable to that of standard drugs aspirin 40.52% and hydrocortisone 47.71% respectively. The result of this study supported the traditional medicinal uses of this seed. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 22-24 Key word: Nigella sativa, inflammation, carrageenan Address for Correspondence:Dr. Saima Parveen, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Moghbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Awareness of HIV / AIDS among the grass-widows]]></title>
                    <author>Tazreen Mona</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/206 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/206/AdminPDF/Mona T p25-28.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 25-28</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The migrant workers in Bangladesh are at high risk of getting HIV infection due to factors like staying away from family for long periods which leave them vulnerable towards sexual relationship with commercial sex workers (CSW) and having sexual relationship with other men (MSM). This paper aimed to explore the level of awareness on HIV/AIDs among the women whose husbands stay apart from them for over a period of 6 months. For this cross sectional study, women attending public and private hospitals in Dhaka city were selected purposively. The participants were interviewed using a partially open-structured questionnaire. A total of 404 subjects were interviewed. Most of the respondents were housewives (85.7%). The higher education group had a high prevalence of awareness (>=HSC vs. SSC: 45.0% vs. 8.5%; p<0.001).  The prevalence of awareness was significantly higher among the employed than the housewives (50% vs. 12.4%, p<0.001). Although the wives of the unskilled labor and the skilled employee were equal (25% vs. 25%), the wives of skilled employee had significantly higher awareness than the wives of the unskilled laborer (30.7 vs. 10.9%, p = 0.001). The study concludes that higher awareness level was significantly associated with higher education of the participants and higher education of the husband. Occupationally, housewives were found to have very low level of awareness compared with the employed group of participants. Again the wives of skilled employees had a significantly higher prevalence of awareness compared with the wives of unskilled laborer. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 25-28 Key Words: HIV/AIDs, awareness, grass-widows. Address for Correspondence:Tazreen Mona, Ex-Lecturer, Department of Public Health, Northern University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Compound odontome with unerupted permanent incisor]]></title>
                    <author>Mahfujul Haq Khan</author><author>Md. Manjurul Karim</author><author>Sejuty Haque</author><author>Saeed Hossein Khan</author><author>Mohammad Towfiq Alam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/43 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/43/AdminPDF/Khan_MH_p29-31.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 29-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Odontomas are mixed odontogenic tumors composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal dental hard tissues. They are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered during routine radiography. A case of odontoma in a 21 year old man is described who presented with delayed eruption of upper central and lateral incisor teeth. The odontome was surgically removed followed by re-implantation of preserved extracted lateral incisor and a porcelain crown. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 29-31 Key Words: Odontoma, Impacted tooth, Re-implantation. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Mahfujul Haq Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM) and Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, email: mahtink@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[An 8-year-old boy with renal artery stenosis and cerebral infarct]]></title>
                    <author>Syed Dawood Md.Taimur</author><author>Tamzeed Ahmed</author><author>Md. Golam Muinuddin</author><author>Salma Jahan</author><author>Farzana Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/209 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/209/AdminPDF/Taimur SDM p32-33.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/05/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 32-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Secondary hypertension is more common in children compared to that in adults, leading to organ damage and increased mortality. Renal artery stenosis could be a sequel to secondary hypertension in children and give rise to serious outcomes. A case of renal artery stenosis in an eight year old boy is presented in this study in whom PTA was performed with successful results. Blood pressure was controlled and all antihypertensive drugs could be withdrawn in a short period of time. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 32-33 Indexing words: Secondary hypertension, children, renal artery stenosis, surgery. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Syed Dawood Md. Taimur, Department of Cardiology, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000. Email: dr.sdmtaimur@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Bee envenomation induced acute renal failure in an 8 year old child]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Islam</author><author>Syed Dawood Md. Taimur</author><author>C M  Shaheen Kabir</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/208 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/05/208/AdminPDF/Islam F p34-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.5 No.1 - January2011</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 34-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Massive envenomations by bees are capable of causing multiorgandysfunction as a result of direct toxic effects of the largevenom load received. Although all varieties of honey bee havethe potential for these attacks, the Africanized honey bee (Apismellifera scutellata) is the most commonly implicated subspecies.In the United States, the Africanized strain is found primarilyin the southwestern states and is known for its highly defensivebehavior if disturbed. Mechanisms behind the multiorgan dysfunctionproduced by these mass envenomations are not clearly understood.We present a case of an 8-year-old boy who was stung by multiple bees and developed progressive upper-body swelling andsystemic manifestations of mass envenomation including rhabdomyolysis,renal insufficiency, and a transient transaminase elevation. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 34-36 Key Words: environmental risk, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, bee envenomation. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Farzana Islam, Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Block: D, 3rd Floor, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Mobile: +8801718011237, Email: dr.farzanaislamsilvi@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Medical education in Bangladesh – past, present and future]]></title>
                    <author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/188 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/188/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and risk factors of coronary heart disease in a rural population of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>M Abu Sayeed</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author><author>Shurovi Sayeed</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Akhter Banu</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/189 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/189/AdminPDF/Sayeed MA p37-43.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 37-43</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major global health problem with the majority of burden observed increasingly in the developing countries. There has been no estimate of CHD in Bangladesh. This study addresses the prevalence of CHD in a Bangladeshi rural population which also aimed to determine the risk factors related to CHD. Ten villages of Nandail sub-district under Mymensingh were selected purposively. All subjects of age ³20y were considered eligible and were interviewed about family income, family history of T2DM, CHD and HTN. The investigations included height, weight, waist-girth, hip-girth, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were also estimated. Finally, electrocardiography (ECG) was undertaken in all participants who had family history of diabetes or hypertension or CHD. Diagnosis of CHD was based on history of angina or changes in ECG or diagnosed by a cardiologist. A total of 6235 subjects were enlisted as eligible (age ³20y) participants. Of them, 4141 (m / f: 1749 / 2392) subjects volunteered for the study. The age-adjusted (20-69y) prevalence of CHD was 1.85 with 95% CI, 1.42 – 2.28. There was no significant difference between men and women. The mean (SD) values of age (p<0.001), SBP (p<0.01), DBP (p<0.05), HbA1c (p<0.05) and ACR (p<0.01) were significantly higher among subjects with CHD than those without; whereas, there were no significant differences in BMI and WHR, TG, Chol and HDL. Logistic regression analysis showed that adjusted for age, sex, social class and obesity, the subjects with higher age (³45y), higher 2hBG (³7.0mmol/l), higher ACR (³17.2) and family history of CHD had significant risk for CHD. The prevalence of CHD is comparable with other Asian population. Family history of CHD and age over 45 years, and who had hyperglycemia and higher ACR were proved to be the independent predictors of CHD. CHD was found to affect participants irrespective of sex, social class, obesity and lipid status. Though the IFG and diabetes groups appeared to have similar biophysical characteristics, only the diabetes group had significant risk for CHD. Further study in a larger sample may be undertaken to confirm the study findings and to explore some unidentified risk factors of CHD. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 37-43 Acronyms: ACR – albumin to creatinine ratio, BMI – body mass index (weight in kg / height in meter squared), CI – confidence interval, BP: SBP & DBP – blood pressure: systolic & diastolic, CHD – coronary heart disease, Chol – total cholesterol, FBG – fasting blood glucose, 2hBG – 2h post load glucose, HbA1c – hemoglobin A1c, HDL – high-density lipoprotein, HTN – hypertension, IFG – impaired fasting glucose, LDL – low-density lipoprotein, NFG – normal fasting glucose, OGTT – oral glucose tolerance, OR – odds ratio, SD – standard deviation, TG – triglycerides, T2DM – Type 2 diabetes mellitus, WHR – waist-to-hip ratio, WHtR – waist-to-height ratio. Address for Correspondence: Prof. M Abu Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, e-mail: sayeedma@dab-bd.org]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Utilization of maternal health care services in slum areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Housne Ara Begum</author><author>Nilufar Yeasmin Nili</author><author>Amir Mohammad Sayem</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/190 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/190/AdminPDF/Begum HA p44-48.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 44-48</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Bangladesh has one of the highest maternal mortality rates (MMR) in the world. The estimated lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy and childbirth related causes in Bangladesh is about 100 times higher compare to developed countries. However, utilization of maternal health care services (MHCS) is notably low. This study examines the socio-economic determinants of utilization of MHCS in some slum areas of Dhaka city. The overall utilization was 86.3% of women; however, utilization of different sorts of MHCS was very low, i.e., the mean utilization was found to be 2.25 out of 5 MHCS. Indicator wise, ANC, TT, institutional delivery, delivery assistance by health professional and PNC were received by 61.3%, 80.4%, 12.6%, 33.2% and 55.4% of women respectively. Variation was observed with different socio-economic variables. Multiple regression model could explain 38% of variance (P<0.001). Among the significant determinants, order of last birth negatively explained the most variance (15.2%). Similarly, distance between home and clinic was found to affect the utilization negatively. Besides, some respondents’ socio economic variables had a significant positive effect on MHCS utilization. To reduce maternal mortality in disadvantaged women in slum areas, this study might suggest a few pointers while considering formulation of policies and planning. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 44-48 Keywords: determinants, utilization, maternal health care, service, slum areas Address for Correspondence: Dr. Housne Ara Begum, Associate Professor, Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Waist-to-height ratio and socio-demographic characteristics of Bangladeshi adults]]></title>
                    <author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author><author>CGN Mascie-Taylor</author><author>Mahmudur Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/191 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/191/AdminPDF/Flora MS p49-58.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 49-58</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Anthropometric indicators of abdominal obesity are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Controversy remains regarding the best anthropometric indices for cardiovascular risk. Waist-to-height ratio has been reported to be an effective predictor of metabolic risks and it may be a better measure of relative fat distribution amongst subjects of different age and statures. Bangladeshi data lack in this perspective. To determine waist-to-height ratio of Bangladeshi adults along with its variation with socio-economic status, cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003. Data were collected through interviewing and measuring height and waist circumference of 22,995 adult males and females of an urban (Mirpur, Dhaka City) and rural area (Kaliganj sub-district). The mean waist-to-height ratio of 0.48 significantly varied with socio-demographic variables and it was markedly higher in females, older age groups, urban residents and the better educated. Urban residents, females, older people, better educational status, the non-paid and married individuals were more likely to have high waist-to-height ratio (³0.5). High waist-to-height ratio levels using sex-specific cut-offs were more common in females, urban residents, Christians, older individuals, married, the better educated and the non-paid. Age and locality were identified as best predictors in males and females, respectively. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 49-58 Key words: Waist-to-height ratio, adult, Bangladeshi Address for Correspondence:Dr. Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: meerflora@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Anthropometric profile of the urban senior citizens]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Anisur Rahman</author><author>Monira Akhter Moni</author><author>Kamal Ahmed</author><author>Md. Shafiqul Islam</author><author>Md. Abidul Haque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/192 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/192/AdminPDF/Rahman MA p59-62.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 59-62</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross-sectional study was carried out from January to June 2006 to find out the anthropometric profile of the urban seniors living in three selected areas (Nakhal Para, Badda and Mirpur) of Dhaka city. A total of 317 individuals of both sexes aged 60 years and above were recruited by convenient sampling. Data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire and a check list. Mean body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were 17.8 ± 4.0, 75.5 ± 12.5 cm and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively. Although only 3% elderly were obese, substantial proportion of the sample were overweight. Females were more prone to health risks than male. Measures should be taken to create awareness amongst these populations for controlling their health risk. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 59-62 Key words: Anthropometry, elderly, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR). Address for Correspondence: Prof. Md. Anisur Rahman, Professor and Head, Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive & Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212. Mobile: 01199880233, anisnipsom@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Phenotypic detection of metallo-β-lactamase among the clinical isolates of imipenem resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter in tertiary care hospitals of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Shaheda Anwar</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author><author>Ahmed Abu Saleh</author><author>Humayun Sattar</author><author>Sharmeen Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/193 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/193/AdminPDF/Anwar S p63-65.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 63-65</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The rapid spread of Metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) producing Gram negative bacilli represents a matter of great concern worldwide. The study analyzed the occurrence of MBL production in carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter isolates over one year period. A total of 132 Pseudomonas and 76 Acinetobacter isolates were obtained from two tertiary care hospitals of Dhaka city. A total of 53 Pseudomonas and 29 Acinetobacter isolates were selected because of their resistance to carbapenem specially imipenem (IPM). Screening for MBL production was performed in these isolates by IPM-EDTA microdilution MIC method. 44 (83%) IPM resistant Pseudomonas and 19 (65.5%) Acinetobacter isolates were MBL producer by IPM-EDTA microdilution MIC method. These results suggest that MBL producing Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter isolates are emerging in our country and it is essential to screen  carbapenem resistant isolates for MBL production. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 63-65 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shaheda Anwar, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Bacterial profile and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka]]></title>
                    <author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Kaniz Fatema</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author><author>Mohammad Omar Faruq</author><author>ASM Areef Ahsan</author><author>Md. Abu Hana Golam Morshed</author><author>Md. Belayet Hossain</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/194 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/194/AdminPDF/Barai L p66-69.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 66-69</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Critically ill patients admitted in intensive care units (ICU) are always at a higher risk of developing infections with various antibiotic resistant organisms. The objective of this study was to know the antibiotic resistance pattern of the common isolates from blood, urine, respiratory secretions and pus/wound swab of patients admitted in ICU at BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder) hospital, during a one year period from March 2006 to February 2007. A total of 1660 samples were analyzed. Growth was obtained in 34% of the samples yielding 632 organisms. The major organism isolated were Pseudomonas sp. (29.1%), Acinetobacter sp. (27.5%), Candida sp. (12.8%), Escherichia coli (10.3%) and Klebsiella sp. (9.7%). Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp, Citrobacter sp, Enterococcus sp, Providencia sp and Serratia sp accounted for 10.6% of the isolates. All the isolates were highly resistant (>80%) to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The frequency of third generation cephalosporin resistant E. coli, Klebsiella and imipenem resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were >50%. Acinetobacter was remarkably resistant to most antibiotics including imipenem (>70% resistant), but most of the members of the Enterobacteriacae group showed maximum sensitivity to imipenem (50%-94%). The findings of this study might help clinicians to formulate their first line empirical antibiotic treatment regimens for the patients admitted in ICUs. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 66-69 Key words: Intensive care units, antimicrobial resistance pattern, bacterial profile. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Lovely Barai, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000. e-mail: barai_lovely@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Risk factors and outcome of neonatal jaundice in a tertiary hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Bedowra Zabeen</author><author>Jebun Nahar</author><author>N Nabi</author><author>A Baki</author><author>S Tayyeb</author><author>Kishwar Azad</author><author>Nazmun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/195 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/195/AdminPDF/Zabeen B p70-73.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 70-73</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Neonatal jaundice is a common cause of newborn hospital admission. The risk factors, the characteristics and outcomes related to neonatal jaundice in Bangladesh has not been studied so far. This study addressed the outcomes, characteristics and risks of the jaundiced newborn admitted into hospital. The babies who had significant jaundice and required phototherapy and /or exchange transfusion were investigated. A detailed history of delivery with gestational age was noted and clinical examination of the admitted newborn was done. Birth weight was recorded. The investigations included complete blood count, ABO and Rh compatibility, serum bilirubin, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and ultrasonography (USG) of brain. The newborns were closely monitored for the prognosis. The requirement of individualized phototherapy and exchange transfusion were also noted. Finally, the outcomes were recorded. Overall, 60 (m v. f = 58.3 v. 41.7%) newborns were found who developed significant jaundice and were investigated. Of them, 35% had gestational age less than 32wks and only 32% had equal to or greater than 35wks. Regarding delivery, 83.3 % had the history of caesarean section. ABO- and Rh– incompatibilities were found in 13.3% and 3.3%, respectively. Septicemia was diagnosed among 26.7% though blood culture yielded growth only in 20%. Compared with the higher gestational age-group ( 35 wks) the lower group (<32 wks) showed significantly higher rate of septicemia (12.5 v. 68.8%, p<0.005). G6PD deficiency was found in only one (1.7%) case. Birth asphyxia was found as a concomitant factor in three patients. Exchange transfusion was done only in 2 (3.3%) babies. Among them one was preterm IDM with septicemia and other had G6PD deficiency. None of these babies developed kernicterus. Five (8.3%) babies died, all of them had septicemia and one baby also had intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with PDA. The study revealed that a substantial number of neonatal jaundice had the history of lower gestational age in Bangladeshi newborns; and the lower gestational age is significantly associated with septicemia and possibly with hyperbilirubinemia. More study is needed to establish the study findings. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 70-73 Address for Correspondence:Dr. Bedowra Zabeen, Registrar, Dept. of Paediatrics, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Age related volume of cadaver-prostates in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Rukshana Ahmed</author><author>Shamim Ara</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/196 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/196/AdminPDF/Ahmed R p74-77.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Pathological changes in the prostate gland occur commonly with advancing age including inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia and carcinoma and a change in volume is also evident. Estimation of volume of prostate may be useful in a variety of clinical settings. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to see the changes in volume of the prostate with advancing age and done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2006 to June 2007. The study was performed on 70 post-mortem human prostates collected from the unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age groups; group A (10-20 years), group B (21-40 years) and group C (41-70 years). Volume of the sample was measured by using the ellipsoid formula. The mean ± SD volume of prostate was 7.68 ± 3.64 cm3 in group A, 10.61 ± 3.99 cm3 in group B and 15.40 ± 6.31 cm3 in group C. Mean difference in volume between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and volume of prostate (r = + 0.579, p < 0.001). Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77 Key Words: Prostate, volume, Bangladeshi. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Rukshana Ahmed, Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: rukshanakahmed@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Dietary intake, physical activities and nutritional status of adolescent girls in an urban population of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Ali Abbas Mohammad Kurshed</author><author>Md. Masud Rana</author><author>Sabina Khan</author><author>T.M. Alamgir Azad</author><author>Jamila Begum</author><author>Md. Aminul Haque Bhuyan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/197 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/197/AdminPDF/Kurshed AAM p78-82.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 78-82</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In Bangladesh, under-nutrition is a common health problem, but for socio-cultural background, it is most predominant among the female population starting from their early life to motherhood. For the adolescent girls, there has been no such study though they will be the future mothers. Therefore, this study is designed to address the lifestyle and nutrition of the Bangladeshi female adolescents. The study was conducted purposively in Dhaka selecting randomly 15 of 95 City corporation wards of Dhaka City. All adolescent girls aged 10–18 years were considered eligible participants of an urban population of Bangladesh. The study included socio-demographic information, clinical examination, dietary intake, physical activities and body mass index (BMI = weight in kg / height in m. sq.). Overall, 352 adolescent girls volunteered. Socio-economically, 51% of them had monthly family income ³ 20,000 BDT and 11.4% had <10,000 BDT. Of the participants, 14.8% had BMI <18.5, 80.7% had 18.5 – 24.9, and 4.6% had ³ 25. BMI was found not to have significant association with physical activities. No clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency were observed. On clinical examination 75% of the participants were found healthy, 15.9% had anemia and 5.7% had diarrhea. Compared with the national dietary intake, the cereal intake was lower but protein containing foods like pulse and nuts, meat, egg, fish, milk and milk products were found very much close to the national intake. On the average, 95 % of calorie, 93.5 % of protein and 96.5 % of fat requirement were met. For micronutrient requirement, very low intake was observed with calcium (62 %) and iron (63 %). In conclusion, the participants consumed rice daily with frequent consumption of vegetables. Although the study subjects were mostly from higher class of urban dwellers their dietary intake was found not healthy as evidenced by daily rice intake and very low intake of fruits, calcium and iron indicating lack of awareness regarding food habit. Further study is needed to confirm the study findings and to initiate health education on diet among the Bangladeshi adolescent girls. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 78-82 Address for Correspondence: Ali Abbas Mohammad Kurshed, Lecturer, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University. E-mail: Khorshed_1005@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Consequences of misdiagnosis of diabetic Charcot arthropathy of the ankle]]></title>
                    <author>Chowdhury Iqbal Mahmud</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/198 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/198/AdminPDF/Mahmud CI p83-86.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 83-86</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Permanent deformity and disability can occur in diabetic Charcot arthropathy (neuropathic arthropathy) if not diagnosed and treated promptly. We report two patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in whom the diagnosis of ankle neuro-arthropathy was delayed by up to six months, with misdiagnoses including ankle arthritis, osteomyelitis and cellulitis. The clinical scenario and appearances of the ankle and foot were typical of Charcot arthropathy. Unfortunately, both of them sustained ankle fracture-dislocation without a history of significant trauma. Both the patients were treated by ankle arthrodesis (fusion of joint). Prevention and early diagnosis of diabetic foot is the key to avoid the development of complications. In diabetic patients, a higher index of suspicion for the possibility of Charcot’s disease is needed. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 83-86 Key Words: Diabetes mellitus; Charcot arthropathy; ankle fracture-dislocation; arthrodesis. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Chowdhury Iqbal Mahmud, Registrar (Orthopaedics), Room No.1110, BIRDEM Hospital, Ibrahim Memorial Diabetic Centre, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, E-mail: cimahmud@yahoo.co.uk]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A prophylactic amputation]]></title>
                    <author>Faria Afsana</author><author>Tofail Ahmed</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/199 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/199/AdminPDF/Afsana F p87-89.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 87-89</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A case of amputation of the fourth toe is described in a diabetic patient. The patient had overlapping of third and fourth toes since her childhood and later she developed soft lipomas over the fourth toe and lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. The lipomas were excised without relief of pain. Subsequently, the fourth toe was disarticulated with relief of pain and healing of ulcers. The role of prophylactic amputations in such cases is described. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 87-89 Key words: Diabetes, amputation, ulcer. Address for Correspondence:Dr Faria Afsana, Preventive Foot Care Unit, BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: fariaafsana@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Vaginal Schwannoma]]></title>
                    <author>Shamsun Nahar</author><author>Md. Tahminur Rahman</author><author>Shamima Ferdousi</author><author>Tashmim Farhana Dipta</author><author>Rahima Begum</author><author>Habiba Khatoon</author><author>Shamsad Jahan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/200 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/200/AdminPDF/Nahar S p90-91.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.2 - July2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 90-91</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Vaginal Schwannoma is very rare and till now few cases have been reported in the literature. A case of vaginal Schwannoma is reported here. The patient was a 59 years old woman with the complaints of per vaginal bleeding with an attempt of D&C failure. Ultimately hysterectomy was done and the diagnosis of Vaginal Schwannoma was made on histopathological examination of the excised tumor. Clinicians should be aware and bear in mind about the differential diagnosis of vaginal Schwannoma in case of any per vaginal bleeding. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 90-91 Key Words: Vaginal Schwannoma, Per vaginal (PV) bleeding. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Shamsun Nahar, Consultant, Department of Gynae & Obstertrics, BIRDEM Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Melioidosis in Bangladesh – a disease yet to be explored !]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Shariful Alam Jilani</author><author>J Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/181 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/181/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Breast Cancer among Pakistani women in referral hospital: an overview of risk factors]]></title>
                    <author>Maria Shabbir Saria</author><author>Masoom Raza Mirza</author><author>Lubna Habib</author><author>Muhammad Zubair</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/32 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/32/AdminPDF/Saria_MS_p1-3.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 1-3</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The aim of this study was to determine the significance of various reproductive risk factors amongst Pakistani women suffering from breast carcinoma. This observational study was carried out from March 2007 to February 2009 at three hospitals. The women who presented with breast swelling withorwithoutdischargefromnipplewereincludedinthestudy.Thediagnosisofbreastcancerwas confirmed by histopathological examination. A questionnaire included history and various reproductive risk factors. The study patients were divided into two groups by their menopausal history – pre-menopausal and post-menopausal as ‘group A’ and ‘group B’, respectively. A total of 70 patients had the diagnosis of breast cancer. Of them, 32 were in group A and 38 in group B. Regarding age distribution, 49% were found in ³51 years of age and 29% in the age group 30 – 40 years. The mean age at menarche was 13.3 years in group A and 12.4 years in group B. Nulliparity was seen in 12.5% cases in group A and 5.26% in group B. History of first full term pregnancy (FFTP) below the age of 20 was present in majority of cases in both groups though higher in group B. Breast cancer in post-menopausal women was exclusively found among those who had early menarche (<=11 years) and was more frequent among those who had FFTP below 20 years of age compared with the pre-menopausal group (88% vs. 66%). The study showed higher frequency of breast cancer in post-menopausal women having early menarche and also more frequent among those with early FFTP. Parity, breast feeding, oral contraceptive pill use were not related to breast cancer. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 1-3 Indexing Words: Breast carcinoma, risk factors, genetics. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Masoom Raza Mirza, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Hamdard University Hospital (Taj Medical Complex), M. A. Jinnah Road, Karachi -74400, Pakistan. Tel: +9221327788161-2, Cell:+923218713256. E.mail:doctormasoom@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Religious and spiritual beliefs and practices in medicine: an evaluation in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia]]></title>
                    <author>RM Yousuf</author><author>ARM Fauzi</author><author>S F U Akter</author><author>S M S Azarisman</author><author>O A Marzuki</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/33 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/33/AdminPDF/Yousuf_RM_p4-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 4-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In recent years there has been growing awareness regarding the role of religion and spirituality   (R/S) in the practice of clinical medicine. Despite hundreds of articles in professional journals on the subject, little is known about physician beliefs regarding the influence of religion on health. We aim to assess the beliefs and observations of physicians regarding the role of R/S and patient’s health and whether they address such issues in their clinical practice. Concomitantly, we aim to assess the beliefs of our patients and whether they like to address such issues. Questionnaire was based on a cross sectional survey among hospitalized patients and their treating physicians. Nearly all patients and physicians reported a high prevalence of religiosity. Patients also acknowledged that their R/S was respected by the staff, and that physicians inquired R/S about half of the time. R/S was described as beneficial as it enabled patients to cope better with their illness and gave them a positive state of mind. Religion is important to many patients and physicians, but half of the physicians ignore it in their clinical practice. Physicians need to be attentive to patients R/S issues and address them in specific clinical situations. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 4-8 Key words: Religion, spirituality, medicine, health, beliefs Address for Correspondence: Dr. R M Yousuf, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Blood pressure levels among the studentsof a selected school]]></title>
                    <author>Abdullah Al-Shafi Mazumder</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author><author>Md. Shahidullah</author><author>Rokeya Khanam</author><author>Md. Abdur Rashid</author><author>Md. Hasan Iqbal</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/34 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/34/AdminPDF/Mazumder_AS_p9-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 9-12</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In Bangladesh, limited data are available on paediatric hypertension as well as their normal values. This study was done to assess the level of blood pressure in this population group. A total of 1118 students from class I to X of a selected school were measured twice for systolic and diastolic BP within five minutes interval following a standard protocol. The phase V diastolic blood pressure was recorded. The average of two readings was taken. Age was obtained from the school records. The mean age was 10.53 (± 0.09) years and 46.9% of the recruited students were females. The mean (±SE) and median of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 97.89 (±0.39) and 97.50 mm Hg and 57.58 (±0.39) and 60.00 mm Hg, respectively. Boys had a significantly higher systolic (99.34 ± 0.56 mm Hg) and diastolic (62.59 ± 0.41 mm Hg) blood pressure than the girls (96.78 ± 0.50 mm Hg systolic BP and 51.54 ± 0.55 mm Hg diastolic BP; P<0.001). Systolic blood pressure was found to be positively correlated with age, height and weight and diastolic blood pressure was correlated with height and weight. Although this study gave us an insight into the paediatric BP situation in a particular school, a community based study with representative sample is recommended to develop a reference data on paediatric blood pressure for our country. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 9-12 Address for Correspondence: Abdullah Al-Shafi Mazumder, Professor of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardio-Vascular Diseases, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[An audit of intensive care services in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Mohammad Omar Faruq</author><author>ASM Areef Ahsan</author><author>Kaniz Fatema</author><author>Fatema Ahmed</author><author>Afreen Sultana</author><author>Rashed Hossain Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/182 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/182/AdminPDF/Faruq MO p13-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 13-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was conducted to survey the facilities, bed strength, functional characteristics, manpower, operational practices and distribution of intensive care units in Bangladesh. Direct interview of consultants in charge of different Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in the city of Dhaka was conducted by a structured questionnaire. All Adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and Coronary Care Units (CCUs) with ventilator support in the city of Dhaka belonging to government and private sectors were included. Our survey showed that 90% of all Intensive Care Units in Bangladesh were located in the city of Dhaka. There were 40 Intensive Care Units in the city of Dhaka, of which 33 were ICUs and 7 CCUs with ventilator support (also considered as ICU). Only 4 (10%) ICUs were located in government hospitals. Rest of the ICUs was in private hospitals / clinics. Total number of ICU beds was 424 and total numbers of beds in these hospitals were 8824. So 4.8% of total hospital beds were provisioned for critical care. Among these only 240 beds (60%) had ventilator support. 27(68%) of the 40 ICUs were multidisciplinary, 7(18%) CCUs, 5(12%) cardiac surgery and 1(2%) neurology. 64% ICUs were run by anesthesiologists. 85% facilities were open units as opposed to 15% closed units. Nurse: bed ratio of 1:1 was seen in 15(42%) facilities. On duty doctor: patient ratio was variable and highest was 1:4 in 9 ICUs (27 %). ICUs in Bangladesh are mainly situated in the city of Dhaka and mostly in the private sector. The standards and management strategies vary greatly. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 13-16 Key words: Intensive Care Unit, Bangladesh, audit. Address for Correspondence: Mohammad Omar Faruq, Professor & Head of the Dept. of Critical Care Medicine, Room # 452(ICU), BIRDEM Hospital, Shahbagh, Dhaka,, Phone: 880-2-9661551-60/Ext 2399(Office), 01674999897(Cell), Fax: 880-2-9667812, E-mail: faruqmo@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Socio-economic factors and knowledge influencing newborn care practices: experience at Dhaka Shishu hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Housne Ara Begum</author><author>Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/183 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/183/AdminPDF/Begum HA p17-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 17-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Reducing maternal and neonatal mortality remains a big challenge for a developing country like Bangladesh. Mothers’ knowledge in neonatal care plays an important role in bringing down the mortality as well as morbidity. This study was conducted in Dhaka Shishu Hospital during the period of December 2007 to February 2008 and was based on primary data collected on socioeconomic status, knowledge and practice of mothers of neonates attending the hospital. A total of 400 mothers were interviewed. More than fifty percent mothers had an appropriate knowledge on feeding neonates, hand washing before handling neonates, care of eye, care of umbilicus and they were practicing as well. Where as less than fifty percent mothers had appropriate knowledge on keeping neonates warm, cutting hair, bathing, vaccination, oil massage and their practice rate also commensurate well with their knowledge level. Majority of the mothers were in the age group of 21-25 years, having completed primary education or passed SSC exam. They were house wives living in an urban area, with a monthly family income of 3000-7000 taka. Statistically significant association was found between socio demographic variables and knowledge and practices on neonatal care of the mothers. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 17-20 Key words: Socio-economic factors, knowledge and practices, neonatal care Address for Correspondence: Housne Ara Begum, Assistant Professor, Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Phone: 088 02 9661920-50 Ex-8649 (Off), email:drhousne@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Relationship of microalbuminuria with different clinical and biochemical parameters in newly detected diabetes mellitus cases]]></title>
                    <author>Indrajit Prasad</author><author>Zafar Ahmed Latif</author><author>Tofail Ahmed</author><author>Faruque Pathan</author><author>S.M. Ashrafuzzaman</author><author>Firoz Amin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/184 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/184/AdminPDF/Prasad I p21-25.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 21-25</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was conducted to assess the presence of microalbuminuria in newly detected diabetes mellitus (DM) cases in a small group of Bangladeshi population attending BIRDEM out patient department and to find out the relationship (if any) of microalbuminuria with different clinical and biochemical parameters. Out of 110 DM cases, 10 (9.1%) were found to have microalbuminuria. Blood pressure, both systolic (r=0.190) and diastolic (r = 0.30) had significant positive correlation with urinary albumin. There was no association of microalbuminuria with waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, age, sex, weight, height or BMI. This suggests that all newly detected diabetes mellitus should be screened for raised blood pressure and if found positive be given the same importance as blood glucose. They should be treated meticulously to revert or prevent microalbuminuria and thus prevent complications. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 21-25 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Indrajit Prasad, Assistant Professor, Sir Salimullah Medical College, 567 Shameem sharani, flat 2E, West shewrapara,, Dhaka, Mobile: 01552321322, Email- drindrajit1976@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Simple screening tests for the detection of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter]]></title>
                    <author>Shaheda Anwar</author><author>Md. Ruhul Amin Miah</author><author>Ahmed Abu Saleh</author><author>Humayun Sattar</author><author>Sharmeen Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/185 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/185/AdminPDF/Anwar S p26-30.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 26-30</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[There are no standard methods for the detection of metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) production in gram negative organism in routine microbiology practice. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the screening tests like double disk synergy test (DDST) and disk potentiation test (DPT) using ceftazidime (CAZ) and imipenem (IPM) disks with chelating agents like EDTA, 2-mercaptopropionic acid (2-MPA). A total of 132 Pseudomonas and 76 Acinetobacter isolates were obtained from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) hospitals of Dhaka city. A total of 53 and 29 IPM resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter isolates were selected. EDTA-IPM microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (EDTA-IPM MIC) method detected MBL in 44 (83%) IPM resistant Pseudomonas and 19 (65.5%) Acinetobacter isolates. DDST with CAZ-0.1M EDTA and CAZ-2-MPA detected MBL in 73.6% and 67.9% of IPM resistant Pseudomonas and 55.2% and 48.3% of Acinetobacter isolates respectively. The detection rate was 67.9% and 66.1% in Pseudomonas and 51.7% and 44.8% in Acinetobacter isolates by EDTA-IPM and IPM-2-MPA methods respectively. In comparison to DDST, DPT with CAZ-0.1M EDTA showed higher sensitivity (89.7% ) and specificity (100%) for detection of MBL in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. The results showed that simple screening tests like DPT with 0.1M EDTA was able to detect MBL producing Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter from clinical samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 26-30 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shaheda Anwar, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cutaneous metastatic adenocarcinoma]]></title>
                    <author>Mazharul Huque Khan</author><author>Nurul Islam</author><author>Noor-A-Alam</author><author>Tapash Kumar Maitra</author><author>SM Zaved Hossain</author><author>Tamanna Narmeen</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/35 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/35/AdminPDF/Khan_MH_p31-33.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 31-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A 51 year old man presented with multiple painless skin nodules throughout his body for 3 weeks. He complained of cramping pain in his calf muscles and thighs for 3 months, occasional fever with chills for 2 months and lost about 10kgs in these 3 months. Initially he was diagnosed as a case of viral myositis. His CPK and LDH were raised, febrile antigens and widal test were negative, CA 19-9 was very high (5018 u/ml). Biopsy of skin nodules showed features of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 31-33 Key word: Cutaneous metastasis, adenocarcinoma Address for Correspondence: Mazharul Huque Khan, Professor, Department of Surgery, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: mazhar.huque@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[An anomalous left anterior descending artery]]></title>
                    <author>M Maksumul Haq</author><author>Mahboob Mansur M</author><author>Syed Dawood Md. Taimur</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/186 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/186/AdminPDF/Haq MM p34-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2017/04/11</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.4 No.1 - January2010</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 34-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Coronary artery fistulas can go undetected as they tend to remain clinically silent. Larger fistulas can end up with sudden death, ischemia, endocarditis or CCF. However, these are detected incidentally during non-invasive or invasive diagnostic testing for unrelated symptoms. This report describes such a case in a 56 year old male while undergoing a coronary angiogram following an anteroseptal infarction three weeks prior to the procedure. The fistula arose from the proximal left LAD and was seen in all views. It is important for cardiologists to remember about the possibility of such uncommon possibilities. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(1): 34-36 Indexing words: Cardiac anomalies, angiogram, fistula. Address for Correspondence:Dr. Syed Dawood Md. Taimur, Registrar, Department of Clinical & Interventional Cardiology, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute (ICHRI), 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Mob: +88 01712801515, Email: sdmtaimur@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Road traffic accidents in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Prof. Mamunar Rashid</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/138 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/138/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Ultrasound differentiation of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Mizanur Rahman</author><author>ASQM Sadeque</author><author>Eliza Omar</author><author>Sonjoy Kumar Bhakta</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/139 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/139/AdminPDF/Rahman MM p40-44.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 40-44</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was conducted to see whether the size (measured by maximal short axis diameter), shape (expressed in terms of ratio dividing long axis diameter of the node by short axis diameter or L/S ratio), marginal clarity (regular or irregular margin), internal echo-pattern (homogeneous hypoechoic or heterogeneous) and hilar echogenicity (presence or absence of echo-genicity in hilum) are good criteria for differentiating benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes using high frequency (high resolution) ultrasound probe. The study was carried out from January 1998 to December 1998, among patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes who were scanned with a high frequency (5.0 MHz) curvilinear probe. Chi-Square test was done to see the statistical correlation between two groups of nodes. A p value of <0.05 was taken as significant. Out of 65 nodes studied, 26 (100%) enlarged cervical nodes with short axis diameter more than 1 cm were all malignant. In contrast 31 (79.5%) of 39 enlarged nodes with short axis diameter less than 1cm were benign and rest were malignant (p<0.001). Of 34 enlarged nodes with L/S ratio <2, 30 (88.2%) nodes were found malignant and 4 (11.8%) were benign. Among the rest 31 enlarged nodes, 27 (87.1%) with L/S ratio  2 were benign while 4 (12.9%) were malignant (p <0.001). Among the 39 nodes with regular margin 28 (71.8%) were found benign, where as among 26 nodes with irregular margin 23 (88.5%) were malignant (p <0.001). When the internal echopattern was taken in account, 32 nodes had homogeneous hypoechoic echo of which 28 (87.5%) were benign and among 33 nodes with heterogeneous echopattern 30 (90.9%) were malignant (p <0.001). Among the 43 enlarged nodes with presence of hilar echogenicity 31(72.1%) were found benign and 22 (100%) nodes with no hilar echogenicity were all malignant (p <0.001). Such findings suggest that real time high resolution ultrasound might assist in differentiation of benign and malignant enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 40-44 Indexing words: Ultrasound, cervical lymph nodes, benign, malignant. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Influence of diabetes on physical function among the elderly persons]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Tabassum</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/140 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/140/AdminPDF/Flora MS p45-49.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 45-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[There is growing recognition that the complications associated with type-2 diabetes may translate into functional impairments in older people.This cross sectional study was conducted between January and June 2008 to determine the influence of diabetes on physical functions in an elderly (³55 years) population. Fifty-five elderly diabetics attending the out-patient department of a diabetic centre were selected by convenient sampling and compared with fifty-five non-diabetic elderly persons of the near-by community. Their physical functions were assessed by Barthel Index, SF-36 Health Survey and Modified Physical Performance test. Diabetic elderly persons, on average, obtained lower scores in all these three tests. After removing the effect of socio-demographic variables, influence of diabetes on level of independence measured by Barthel Index did not persist. However, the difference in SF-36 health survey and Modified Physical Performance test scores between diabetics and non-diabetics remained significant after controlling for socio-demographic variables. The current study showed influence of diabetes on physical functions in the elderly. People should be motivated and guided properly to practice a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent and control diabetes and thus avoid complications of diabetes mellitus and disabilities in later life.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 45-49Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Physical function, Barthel Index, Short Form-36 Health Survey, Modified Physical Performance Test.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka. e-mail: flora@citechco.net]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A bacteriological study of diabetic foot infection in an urban tertiary care hospital of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Samir Paul</author><author>Lovely Barai</author><author>Ashraf Jahan</author><author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/141 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/141/AdminPDF/Barai L p50-54.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 45-49</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Identification of organisms and effective antibiotic therapy is an important component of treatment of diabetic foot infections. This study was undertaken to determine the organisms associated with diabetic foot infection (DFI) and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. A total of 75 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus with Wagner’s grade 1-5 foot ulcers attending BIRDEM hospital were included in the study. Specimens were processed for aerobic culture. The bacteriological isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity tests of the isolates were done by standard microbiological methods. Gram negative bacilli were tested for extended spectrum b lactamase (ESBL) production by double disc diffusion method. Culture was positive in 92% of the cases which yielded 135 pathogens. Of the positive culture, 75.3% had multiple organisms. Polymicrobial infection was more in higher grade of foot ulcers. Gram negative organisms were most frequently isolated (80%) bacteria. Pseudomonas (48%) and Proteus sp.(33%) was the most common Gram negative organisms isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated gram positive organism (21.3%). ESBL production was noted in 31.5% Gram negative bacilli and methicillin resistance was noted in 43.8% of Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the Gram negative bacilli were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. Imepenem was the most effective agent against Gram negative organisms, while vancomycin was for staphylococcus. The present study has shown that infection with multidrug resistant Gram negative bacilli is the most common cause of DFI in BIRDEM hospital.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 50-54Address for Correspondence: Dr. Lovely Barai, Assistant Professor, BIRDEM, 122, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. email: barai_lovely@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Awareness on organ transplantation among health care professionals and medical students]]></title>
                    <author>Zahedul Karim Ahmad</author><author>Md. Humayun Kabir</author><author>Abdul Mazid</author><author>Gulshan Ara Akther</author><author>Md. Nur Hossain</author><author>Farzana Islam</author><author>Parvin Dilara Zaman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/143 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/143/AdminPDF/Ahmad ZK p55-58.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 55-58</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross sectional study was conducted in different medical college hospitals of Dhaka city during the months of Jan-March 2009. The objective of this study was to find out the awareness level on organ transplantation amongst the teachers, doctors and nurses working in these medical college hospitals and 1st to 5th year students. A structured questionnaire was given to the respondents. The total number of respondents was 462 of which 103 (22.3%) were doctors, 268 (58%) were medical students and 91 (19.7%) were nurses. Among the study group 31.4% knew that there was an organ transplantation law in Bangladesh and 16.5% said that there was no such law whereas 52.2% had no idea whatsoever about the law. Of the respondents 33.8% were willing to donate their organs after death, 41.6% did not want to donate and 24.2% were not sure. This study revealed that there was a lack of understanding regarding the religious views on organ transplantation. Only 37.1% of respondents thought that were was no religious objection to organ transplantation whereas 27.1% felt that there was religious objection while 35.7% were not sure. The study shows that there is significant lack of awareness regarding organ transplantation issues among the health care professionals and medical students in Bangladesh. The dictates of religion on this matter were also not clear to most of the respondents.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 55-58Keywords: Organ transplantation, awareness, healthcare professionals, religious sanctions.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Zahedul Karim Ahmad, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge and practices on neonatal care among selected mothers attending Dhaka Shishu Hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Housne Ara Begum</author><author>Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/144 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/144/AdminPDF/Begum HA p59-62.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 59-62</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was conducted in Dhaka Shishu Hospital from December 2007 to February 2008 and was based on primary data on knowledge and practice of 400 mothers of neonates attending the hospital. More than 50% of the mothers had appropriate knowledge on feeding, hand washing, care of eye and umbilicus and they were practicing as well. Less than 50% of the mothers had an appropriate knowledge on raising neonates, shaving hair, bathing, vaccination, oil massaging and their practice rates also did commensurate with their knowledge level. It may be concluded that half of the interviewed mothers had an inadequate knowledge and adopted inappropriate practices in the care of their neonates. Strong steps should be taken to improve the level of knowledge and change attitudes for providing healthy practices of mothers in the care of their children.Address for Correspondence: Dr Housne Ara Begum, Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, email:drhousne@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Awareness on HIV/AIDS among the blood donors of a city hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Niru Sultana</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/145 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/145/AdminPDF/Sultana N p63-66.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 63-66</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on ‘HIV/AIDS awareness’ among the blood donors of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The aim of the study was to assess the level of awareness among blood donors on HIV/AIDS and to assess their knowledge regarding its prevention and control. A total of 110 (87.3% male, 12.7% female) donors participated in this study. Their mean age was 24.9 ± 5.2 years. More than 60% of the respondents had primary or secondary level of education. Two-thirds (66.11%) of them donated blood for their relatives, while the rest did it for donation’s sake. Although 93.6% of the respondents heard about AIDS (TV being the most common source), none had a good or excellent level of awareness about the disease. About mode of transmission, 20.9% had average and very few had a good level of knowledge regarding its prevention. When asked for an opinion about the country’s risk for HIV/AIDS, more than half (54.2%) had the view that the country was at a risk from the disease and nearly three quarters (72.5%) were of the opinion that mass awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS could improve the situation.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 63-66Key Words: HIV/AIDS, blood donors, awareness, BangladeshAddress for Correspondence: Dr. Niru Sultana, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam, Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[High prevalence of HCV and diabetes mellitus in multi-transfused subjects]]></title>
                    <author>Tashmim Farhana Dipta</author><author>Ahmed Zahid Hossain</author><author>Khadija Nazneen</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/146 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/146/AdminPDF/Dipta TF p67-70.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 67-70</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The characteristics of the multitransfused patients remain unknown. They are exposed to chronic physiological and psychosocial stress. They bear the risk of many infectious diseases like malaria, hepatitis B and C, HIV etc. They are also exposed to chronic psychosocial stress that may lead to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to address two important diseases in the multitransfused patients – hepatitis C virus (HCV), an infectious disease and T2DM, a non-communicable but stress related one. The study was conducted in two tertiary care centers in Dhaka City. These centers have the standard facilities for blood transfusion. The study was conducted from July 2006 to July 2007. Detect-HCV (V.3), an Anti-HCV was used for detecting HCV while oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done for diagnosing T2DM. The WHO criteria of 1997 for diagnosing T2DM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were employed. A total of 125 multitransfused patients were investigated. Overall, the crude prevalence of HCV was 15%, T2DM was 28% and IGT was 13%. Of the diabetic subjects, 31.4% were positive for HCV and among the IGT subjects 12.5% were HCV positive. In contrast, of the total 74 non-DM and non-IGT subjects, only 8.1% were found to be positive for HCV. This study suggests that, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and HCV are higher in multitransfused patients. This study also revealed that the prevalence of HCV is much higher in T2DM and IGT subjects than observed in non-DM, and non-IGT subjects. Further study is needed to determine other communicable and non-communicable diseases in the multitransfused population.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 67-70Key words: Multitransfused, HCV, Diabetes mellitusAddress for Correspondence: Dr. Tashmim Farhana Dipta, Assistant Professor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bangladesh institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic disorders (BIRDEM) and Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka. Email- tashmim@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Gingivitis in primary school children of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Masuma Pervin Mishu</author><author>Richard Marshall Hubbard</author><author>Sejuty Haque</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author><author>Syed Touseef Imam</author><author>Parvin Akhter Khanam</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>Mahfujul Haq Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/147 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/147/AdminPDF/Mishu MP p71-74.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 71-74</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Though early diagnosis and intervention of gingivitis in school children can eliminate progression to frank periodontal diseases, no such measures in Bangladesh are in place to detect gingivitis at an early stage in school children. This survey was conducted in 2007 in the primary schools of rural, suburban and urban areas of Bangladesh to evaluate oral hygiene with special emphasis on gingivitis prevalent among 6-13 years school children. The clinical examination of the gingiva was carried out using a mouth mirror and a periodontal probe. A total of 1,820 primary school students (m/f = 946/873) took part in the investigation. The crude prevalence of gingivitis, AS* and plaque were 17.5%, 9.2% and 56.0% respectively. The prevalence of gingivitis was significantly higher in males than females (20.3 vs. 14.3%, p<0.001), lower than upper social class (21.1 vs. 12.6%, p<0.001) and in rural than urban plus suburban children (22.5 vs. 15.1%, p<0.001). Likewise, the prevalence of AS was higher in females, lower social class and rural children. Significantly lower prevalence of gingivitis, AS and plaque was found among those who used tooth brush and tooth paste than those who did not (15.4% vs 22.4%, p<0.001). The study concludes that the prevalence of oro-dental diseases is high in Bangladeshi children. The male children of low social class of rural communities are the most vulnerable group.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 71-74Key Words: Gingivitis, primary school children, oral health education.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mahfujul Haq Khan, Assoc. Prof., Dept of Dentistry, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) & Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. e-mail: mahtink@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of nonpharmacological interventions on dietary practices, energy expenditure and biochemical parameters of hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic subjects]]></title>
                    <author>Fadia Afnan</author><author>Farzana Saleh</author><author>Shirin Jahan Mumu</author><author>Afroza Akhter</author><author>Kazi Rumana Ahmed</author><author>Sanzida Akter</author><author>Tanjuma Pervin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/148 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/148</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/148/AdminPDF/Afnan F p75-77.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 75-77</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Nonpharmacological interventions play an important role in the management of diabetes and its complications. This study analyzed the effect of nonpharmacological interventions on dietary practices, energy expenditure and management outcome in terms of glycemic and lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia. These interventions included dietary advice, leaflets, televised lectures, booklets, posters and a bimonthly publication in Bangla. Eighty newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects (male: female ratio 47:33, age 46 ± 8 years) with hypercholesterolemia (fasting serum total cholesterol >200 mg/dl) were selected from BIRDEM by purposive sampling. The first interview was taken before any intervention while the second interview was taken after a minimum interval of 8 weeks. The daily intake of macro- and micro- nutrients was assessed by 24-hr recall method. Energy expenditure of the subjects was calculated by factorial method using physical activity level (WHO/FAO/UNU 1985). After intervention, the proportion of carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of the study subjects did not differ significantly compared to values before intervention. The daily intake of micronutrients also did not differ compared to those before intervention. No significant difference was found between pre and post intervention values of per day energy intake (kcal, 1621 ± 426 vs 1645 ± 623). Total energy expenditure after intervention was significantly higher (1649 ± 340) compared to before intervention (1519 ± 353, p<0.002). After intervention, fasting serum glucose level (7 ± 1.43 mmol/l), serum glucose 2 hrs after breakfast (11 ± 4.1 mmol/l) and total cholesterol (217 ± 35 mg/dl) were significantly reduced compared to before intervention values (9 ± 4, 16 ± 7, 231 ± 32 respectively; p=0.001 for FSG, p=0.001 for SGABF, p<0.001 for total cholesterol). Nonpharmacological intervention was found to be effective in improving the management of diabetes and its complications. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 75-77 Address for Correspondence: Farzana Saleh, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh, e-mail: farzanasaleh_sumona@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Torsion of the gravid uterus]]></title>
                    <author>Samsad Jahan</author><author>Masuma Jalil</author><author>Masuda Islam Khan</author><author>Suha Jesmin</author><author>Umme Rumman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/149 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/149</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/149/AdminPDF/Jahan S p78-79.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/13</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.2 - July 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 78-79</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Emerging bacterial resistance to antibiotics – fighting a losing battle !]]></title>
                    <author>J. Ashraful Haq</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/128 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/128</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/128/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Conicity index of adult Bangladeshi population and their socio-demographic characteristics]]></title>
                    <author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author><author>CGN Mascie-Taylor</author><author>Mahmudur Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/129 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/129/AdminPDF/Flora MS p1-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 1-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In spite of acknowledged importance, no unified definition exists for central obesity. Several anthropometric indexes such as waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, conicity index etc, are being used. Cindex has been shown to correlate well with various cardiovascular risk factors associated with visceral fat accumulation in some population. Data were collected through interviewing and measuring 22,995 adult males and females of an urban (Mirpur, Dhaka City) and rural area (Kaliganj sub-district) in 2002 and 2003. Overall the mean (SD) conicity index was 1.20 (0.10) and 40.8% of this sample had a high Cindex. Females, increasing age, urban residents, Christians, the better educated, married and farmers were more likely to have higher Cindex than their counterparts. There is a scarcity of data about the conicity index of Bangladeshis and this cross-sectional study is the first large-scale attempt. So it can be used as a baseline data for further research in this field. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 1-8 Key words: Conicity index, socio-demography, Bangladeshi Address for Correspondence: Dr. Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka. e-mail: flora@citechco.net]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Vitamin A concentration in cord and maternal serum and its relation to birth weight]]></title>
                    <author>Dipi Barua</author><author>T.A. Chowdhury</author><author>Ashim Ranjan Barua</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/130 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/130</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/130/AdminPDF/Barua D p9-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 9-12</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Low birth weight (LBW) is a common problem in Bangladesh associated with poor survival, growth and development. Among many factors, Vitamin A deficiency is thought to be associated with LBW. To investigate this relation a study was conducted at Maternity and Child Health Training Institute at Azimpur, Dhaka during January 2000 – July 2002. One hundred pregnant women (38-40 wks of gestation) with their newborns were included. Weights of the newborns were recorded within 20 – 30 minutes of delivery. Vitamin A level was estimated in maternal and cord serum. The newborns having weight <2500gm showed Vitamin A level of 49.40 ± 3.04µg/dl in their maternal serum while those weighing ³2500gm had a Vitamin A level of 60.18 ± 2.03µg/dl in their maternal serum. A trend of increased maternal serum Vitamin A level was observed with increasing birth weight. Thus neonates with higher birth weights were found to be associated with higher values of maternal serum Vitamin A, though not being statistically significant. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 9-12 Key words: LBW, Vitamin A, cord blood, neonates Address for Correspondence: Dr. Dipi Barua, Asstt. Prof. of Gynae & Obstetrics, Holy Family Red Cresent Medical College, Moghbazar, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effect of gestational homocysteine on fetal growth in Bangladeshi women]]></title>
                    <author>Farzana Shirin</author><author>Tahrim Mehdi</author><author>Md. Mahbubul Alam</author><author>Ronjon Kumer Nath</author><author>Md. Mozammel Hoque</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/131 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/131</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/131/AdminPDF/Shirin F p13-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 13-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported among the women of south Asian countries including Bangladesh. It affects fetal development through intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and is one of the important issues associated with low birth weight (LBW) of newborns. If its association with IUGR can be established, then maternal serum Hcy could help diagnose IUGR cases and ultimately provide scope for prevention and treatment of the cases by supplementation of B-vitamins and folic acid. In this case control study, 80 pregnant women were enrolled, of which 30 were IUGR cases while 50 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies worked as control. Maternal Hcy at 3rd trimester of all the subjects were measured and its effects on neonatal size were analyzed. The maternal Hcy of the IUGR cases was significantly higher than the control. The babies born to IUGR cases had a significantly lower birth weight, lower height and lower OFC compared to the babies born to control mothers. Weight, length and OFC of the newborns showed significant inverse correlation with maternal Hcy. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LBW (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.92-14.23), short stature (OR 2.19, CI 0.792-6.06 ) and low OFC (OR 3.04, CI 1.15-8.04) of the newborns. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 13-16 Keywords: Homocysteine, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, pregnancy. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Farzana Shirin, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College, Sirajganj]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hospital delivery among rural married women in northern Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Nawzia Yasmin</author><author>Khairul Alam</author><author>Suman Lahiry</author><author>Mahmud Hossain Faruquee</author><author>Tamjida Ahmad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/132 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/132/AdminPDF/Yasmin N p17-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 17-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Various programs for safe motherhood aiming to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality are undertaken by public sectors as well as the NGOs. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the married women in their reproductive age (15-40y) belonging to 211 households of Shitlai village of Kahalu Thana of Bogra district in Bangladesh from January to April 2007. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected by door-to-door visits and through face-to-face interviews with the respondents. Considering the knowledge on safe motherhood and safe delivery, majority of the respondents (98.6%) mentioned that every pregnant mother should receive antenatal care, and 97.6% said that pregnancy is a period of risk. Regarding safety, 96.2% mentioned hospital delivery as safe, while 80.6% mentioned home delivery as a risk. Among the respondents, 70.1% said that ANC is important, 29.9% was found to be informed of child birth complications, 16.1% knew the duration of pregnancy, 8.1% knew the danger signs of pregnancy, 4.7% about emergency obstetric care (EOC), 4.3% about expected date of delivery (EDD), 2.4% about safe motherhood and 28.4% about the access of health facilities in the village. Among the respondents, 85.3% showed a positive attitude towards hospital delivery while 14.7% had a negative attitude. Study also showed that majority of the respondents (66.8%) had delivered at home, and only one-fourth of the respondents delivered their index child in a hospital. Thus the study recommends to improve the knowledge, economic status, to change the decision making process through the launching of different activities with appropriate health programmes. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 17-20 Key Words: Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP), hospital delivery, married women Address for Correspondence: Nawzia Yasmin, Head and Academic Program Director, Department of Public Health, State University of Bangladesh]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[High prevalence of caesarian sections at a referral hospital in Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Abdul Latif Bhuiya</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/133 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/133</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/133/AdminPDF/Bhuiya AL p21-23.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 21-23</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The rate of Caesarean delivery in Bangladesh is not known but thought to have increased markedly in recent years. This observational study addressed the prevalence of various types of deliveries conducted on 2714 subjects attending the postnatal ward of a referral hospital in Dhaka from August 1994 to March 1995. During this period data were collected retrospectively from their registries and clinical history sheets. Of these participants 1509 (55.6%) had a history of normal delivery and 1150 (42.4%) underwent Caesarean sections. Very few (1.7%) had other means of delivery and only 0.7% were reported to have forceps delivery. The Caesarian delivery for the first baby was 14.1%, which gradually decreased in subsequent deliveries. Most of the deliveries, be it normal or Caesarean, were conducted by the trainee doctors (43.6%) and Medical Officers (25.7%). Professors and Assistant Professors performed less than 1%. The normal or Caesarean deliveries were assisted mostly by trainee doctors (54.4%), interns (19.0%) and nurses (15.8%); and very few were conducted by Medical Officers (8.3%) and Assistant Registrars (2.1%). The study observes that the rate of Caesarean delivery is much higher than that observed in western countries. Most of the deliveries in this hospital, whether normal or Caesarean, were found to be conducted by the trainee or junior doctors. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 21-23 Keywords: Pregnancy, normal delivery, Caesarean delivery, delivery practices, tertiary hospital. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Abdul Latif Bhuiya, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Unmet need of contraceptives among eligible couples of urban slum dwellers in Dhaka]]></title>
                    <author>Shamsun Nahar</author><author>Farhana Amin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/134 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/134</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/134/AdminPDF/Nahar S p24-28.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 24-28</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross-sectional study was conducted on married women residing in urban slums of Kamrangirchar in Dhaka to determine the magnitude of unmet need for family planning. A total of 265 married women of reproductive age who were fecund and living with husband were the sample of the study. The mean age of the respondents was 26.8±6.7 years. A little above 14% of the women were in the age group of 15–19 years. Almost equal proportion of respondents and their husbands were found to be illiterate. Nearly one-tenth of the respondents have not had ever experienced pregnancy, while 23% experienced pregnancy once, 18.1% twice and 33.6% three-four times, 17% more than four times. Among the respondents, 51.3% were currently using a contraceptive method. Around 5% were pregnant, which was intended. Another 3% wanted to conceive. The rest 41.1% wanted to use a contraceptive but certain barriers did not allow them to use the same suggesting that their family planning need was unmet. This need included limiting (21.5%) and spacing (19.6%). Lactational amenorrhea, no specific reasons, side effect of past contraceptive use, lack of support from husband or other family members, lack of proper knowledge of contraceptive and difficulties in obtaining contraceptive supplies were the cited reasons. Unmet need of contraceptive is high despite an extensive family planning programme in Bangladesh. Mean age at marriage is still below the legal age and gender discrimination plays a vital role in this unmet need. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shamsun Nahar, Associate Professor, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212. e-mail: shamsun203@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]]></title>
                    <author>Md Nurul Amin</author><author>Md Anisur Rahman</author><author>Meerjady Sabrina Flora</author><author>Md Abul Kalam Azad</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/135 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/135</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/135/AdminPDF/Amin MN p29-33.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 29-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This case control study was conducted in selected centers of Dhaka City from March to July 2008 to determine the association of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with the attributes related to treatment and socio-economic condition of tuberculosis patients. Sixty seven culture-proven multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases and similar number of age and sex matched controls were selected purposively. Data were collected by face to face interview and documents’ review, using a pre tested structured questionnaire and a checklist. Multidrug-resistance was found to be associated with occupation (p=0.001) and residential status (p=0.001) of the tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis patients who did not remain under directly observed treatment were 3 times more likely to develop multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (OR 3.21, 95%CI=1.59-6.52). Multidrug-resistance was associated with inadequacy of treatment (OR 2.56, 95%CI=2.03-3.23). Failure of sputum conversion at the end of 2 months of treatment was detected to be the best predictor of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (OR 11.82, 95% CI=4.61-30.33), followed by treatment with non Directly Observed Treatment Short course regimen and high labor intensive occupations like agriculture, production and transport. The risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis warrant much improvement in the effective implementation of control programs. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 29-33 Key wards: Tuberculosis, MDR TB. Address for Correspondence: Major Md Nurul Amin, GSO-II, R & P, Armed Forces Medical Institute, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka ]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Protein C deficiency in a patient of acute myocardial infarction]]></title>
                    <author>Tamzeed Ahmed</author><author>Mahbub Mansur</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/136 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/136</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/136/AdminPDF/Ahmed T p34-35.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 34-35</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A 42-year old male presented with acute myocardial infarction with no discernable risk factors; he never smoked; did not suffer from diabetes and had a well controlled blood pressure with single medication; plasma concentration of total cholesterol was on the upper normal limit, high and low density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triglyceride being normal. In addition to a single antihypertensive he received Allupurinol(Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor)for hyperuricaemia. Coronary angiogram revealed ectatic epicardial coronary arteries. The patient developed deep vein thrombosis of right leg after four days of the coronary angiogram. Coagulation analysis revealed protein C deficiency. The recognition of protein C deficiency as a risk factor for myocardial infarction is important as anticoagulators prevent further thrombotic events whereas inhibitors of platelet aggregation are ineffective. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 34-35 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tamzeed Ahmed, Senior Consultant & Interventional Cardiologist, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tzeed@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Large Cell Neuroendocrine Cancer (LCNEC) of uterine cervix]]></title>
                    <author>Gehanath Baral</author><author>Reetu Sharma</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/137 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/137</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/137/AdminPDF/Baral G p36-38.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/11/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 36-38</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A rare type of cervical cancer was encountered as a neuroendocrine cancer of cervix. Clinically, the patient presented with bleeding per vagina. She refused biopsy in her first visit and did not come for follow up. However, after few months she came and since there was a polypoid growth from cervix, she was advised to undergo hysterectomy. Histopathologically, it was diagnosed as large cell type of neuroendocrine cancer. Multimodality systemic treatment was offered as per literature.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 36-38Key words: Uterine cervix, neuroendocrine cancer (NEC), human papilloma virus (HPV)Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gehanath Baral, Senior Consultant, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. E-mail: gehanath@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Corrigendum]]></title>
                    
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</div>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/276 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2018/01/276/AdminPDF/2920-10798-1-PB.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/01/30</pubDate>
                    <category>Others</category>
                    <volume>Vol.3 No.1 - January 2009</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In the article “Pattern of musculoskeletal disorders among diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka” by Md. Shah Zaman Khan, MA Shakoor, Md. Moyeenuzzaman and Md. Quamrul Islam, published in Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 65-66, Table-1 contained some mistakes. The printers devil got the upper hand and now stands corrected. The Editor regrets this inadvertent mishap.]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[AVIAN INFLUENZA A (H5N1) IN BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Mamunar Rashid</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/119 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/119/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Effects of methanol extract of Piper chaba stem bark on chronic inflammation in rats]]></title>
                    <author>Fouzia Begum</author><author>Kamal Uddin</author><author>Syeeda Sultana</author><author>Abul Hasnat Ferdous</author><author>Zinnat Ara Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/19 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/19/AdminPDF/Begum F p37-39.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 37-39</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Piper chaba Hunter (Piperaceae), a climbing glabrous shrub grows in plenty in southern Bangladesh. Popularly known as ‘Choi’ it is used as spices and believed to have medicinal value in a wide variety of disease conditions including arthritis, asthma, bronchitis and piles. Earlier studies on methanol extract of Piper chaba stem bark have reported anti-inflammatory activities against acute inflammation. In the present study, effect of methanol extract of Piper chaba stem bark on chronic inflammation has been reported. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in rats using cotton pellet implantation method, where granuloma formation was used as an index of chronic inflammation. Methanol extracts of Piper chaba stem bark given orally for 14 days daily at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight produced statistically significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory effect compared to control. The percent inhibition of granuloma formation was 25% and 28% respectively, which however was less compared to aspirin (41%) and hydrocortisone (58%). The results suggest that in case of chronic inflammation, Piper chaba stem bark possess mild to moderate anti-inflammatory effect compared to that of aspirin and hydrocortisone. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 37-39 Key Words: Rats, chronic inflammation, Piper chaba, aspirin, hydrocortisone, choi Address for Correspondence: Dr. Fouzia Begum, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Detection of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (EPEC) by serotyping and cell adhesion assay among children in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia–a hospital based study]]></title>
                    <author>J Ashraful Haq</author><author>Hin Choon Li</author><author>Rosliza Abdur Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/120 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/120/AdminPDF/Haq JA p40-43.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 40-43</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children below 5 years of age in the developing countries. The present study investigated the role of EPEC in childhood diarrhea among the patients attending a university hospital in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia by serotyping and cell adhesion assay using HEp-2 and HeLa cells. A total of 60 stools or rectal swabs from watery diarrhea cases and 16 age matched healthy controls were examined. EPEC were isolated from 14 (23.3%) diarrhea cases and from 1 (9.1%) control by serotyping. Of the 14 EPEC strains, the predominant strain was 0125: K70 (28.5%). Cell adhesion assay detected 26.6% and 30.0% adherent Escherichia coli (E. coli) in diarrhea cases by HEp-2 and HeLa system respectively. Three adherence patterns were noted namely localized, diffuse and aggregative patterns. About 81-88% of isolated E. coli exhibited diffuse adherence pattern by HEp-2 and HeLa cell assay respectively. About 43-44% E. coli exhibiting positive cell adherence phenotype with HEp-2 and HeLa cell assays tested negative with EPEC antisera. The findings indicate that EPEC is an important cause of childhood diarrhea in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia and cell adhesion assay is more sensitive than serotyping for detection of diarrheogenic E. coli. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 40-43 Key Words: EPEC, diarrhea, serotyping, Malaysia Address for Correspondence: Dr. J Ashraful Haq, Professor of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College & Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation, for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, e-mail: jahaq54@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in three urban communities of Dhaka city]]></title>
                    <author>Shurovi Sayeed</author><author>Akhter Banu</author><author>Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Sharmina Alauddin</author><author>Sabrina Makbul</author><author>Tanjima Begum</author><author>H Maahtab</author><author>M Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/21 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/21/AdminPDF/Sayeed S p44-48.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 44-48</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Bangladeshis are prone to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (sHTN and dHTN) and atherosclerotic heart diseases, observed more predominantly in the urban population. Though metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a related disorder, there are few studies in this regard. The prevalence of obesity, T2DM and MetS in three urban communities of Bangladesh were addressed in this study. Nine hundred non-slum urban households in three Dhaka City Wards were randomly selected. One member (age ³ 25y) from each household was invited for investigation with an overnight fast. Socio-demographic information as well as height, weight, waist-girth, hip-girth and blood pressure were measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoproteins-c (HDL) were estimated. A total of 705 (m / f = 239 / 466) subjects volunteered for the study. The mean value with 95% confidence interval (CI) of age was 42.4 (40.9 – 43.1) years for men and 37.8 (36.8 – 38.7) for women. The mean (CI) body mass index (BMI) was 21.0 (20.6 – 21.5) and 22.6 (22.2 – 22.9) and waist hip ratio (WHR) was 0.84 (0.83 – 0.84) and 0.82 (0.81 – 0.83), respectively for men and women. The mean (CI) FPG (fasting plasma glucose) was 5.5 (5.2 – 5.7) for men and 5.2 (5.0 – 5.4) for women. The prevalence of obesity (BMI ³ 25.0) was 21%, T2DM (FPG ³ 6.1 mmol/l) was 22.2%, triglyceridemia (TG ³ 150mg/dl) was 45.1% and low HDL-c (HDL<40mg/dl) was 43.8%. The crude prevalence of MetS varied based on different cluster combinations, being the lowest (0.3%) recommended by WHO cluster (FPG + BMI + SBP/DBP) and the highest (8.7%) by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cluster (waist + FPG + HDL). The MetS was found higher in male than female by NCEP criteria and higher in female than male by IDF criteria. The study revealed an increased prevalence of obesity, T2DM and MetS in the urban communities. It also revealed that T2DM and MetS are moderately common and of growing healthcare burden in the rapidly growing urban population. Additionally, the study observed the wide ranging prevalence rates of MetS in the same study population indicating the need to establish a consistent and useful MetS-cluster depending on population characteristics. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 44-48 Key Words: Metabolic syndrome, urban, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia Address for Correspondence: Shurovi Sayeed, Institute of Nutrition & Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, e-mail: shuro80@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Socio-cultural determinants of contraceptive use among rural women aged 15-29 years from marriage to first live birth]]></title>
                    <author>Amir Mohammad Sayem</author><author>Housne Ara Begum</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/121 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/121/AdminPDF/Sayem AM p49-54.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 49-54</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is lower while the fertility is higher among rural married women aged 15-29 in Bangladesh. Thus, this comparative study attempted to identify the socio-economic and cultural determinants of contraceptive use in different rural settings. In this primary data based cross sectional study, a  semi-structured questionnaire was applied to women aged 15-29 years in two rural areas who had at least one live birth on/before 20 December, 2006. The study areas were identified by multi-stage random sampling technique. Results showed that CPR was slightly higher in Dariadaulat (43.4%) than that of Chardigoldi union (41.6%) while the mean duration of use was slightly higher in Chardigoldi compared to Dariadaulat (5.04 v. 4.59 mo). Regression model for Dariadaulat (38.7% with P<0.001) better explained the use of contraception than that of Chardigoldi (30.0% with P<0.001). Among the determinants in Dariadaulat the most explanatory variable was mass media exposure (15.8%) while it was desired number of children in Chardigoldi (12.6%). Among others, joint decision of using contraception, familiarity with contraceptives before marriage, desired number of children, electricity, family interference and family size were found to have significant impact in Dariadaulat. On the other hand, the other explanatory variables in Chardigoldi were joint decision of using contraception, family interference and familiarity with contraceptives before marriage and age at present. It may be concluded that the CPR is markedly low in rural communities. The lack of accessibility to mass media, lack of joint decision with husband, premarital unawareness regarding contraceptive use, lack of post-marital planning and family interference are major contributory factors for the low CPR in the study population. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 49-54 Key Words: Determinants, contraceptive use, marriage, first live birth, rural women Address for Correspondence: Dr. Housne Ara Begum, Assistant Professor, Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, e-mail: drhousne@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Patients’ satisfaction of health care services provided at out patient department of Dhaka medical college hospital]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Ziaul Islam</author><author>Md. Abdul Jabbar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/122 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/122/AdminPDF/Islam MZ p55-57.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 55-57</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 299 patients visiting outpatient department (OPD) of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) between November 2005 and April 2006 (6 months) to assess their satisfaction of OPD services. Majority of the patients was male (54.85%) with mean age of 36 years, married (75.92%) with a family size of 5-7; of education level from illiterate to below SSC (71.91%) and from lower (46.44%) and lower middle (38.20%) income group. 53.18% patients visited OPD with medical, followed by surgical (26.76%) and gynaecological (20.06%) problems. The main reasons for choosing DMCH were effective (32.78%), free (24.41) and/or low cost (18.73%) treatment. There was long waiting time (32 minutes). However majority of the patients (81.14%) expressed satisfaction (ranging from fair to good) with respect to adequacy of space, sitting arrangement and cleanliness of the waiting rooms, but were dissatisfied (75.31%) with respect to toilet facilities and supply of drinking water. 74.90% patients were satisfied (ranging from fair to good) with OPD staffs with respect to their availability and readiness to register and make appointment with doctors. However 41.06% were dissatisfied with respect to their willingness to listen with compassion and reassure the patients with their problems. Only 65.1% patients received prescribed drugs from hospital pharmacy and majority of them were dissatisfied with respect to information provided about medication use (58.80%) and side-effects (98.70%). Of the patients advised to have laboratory investigations only 37.61% got them done at OPD laboratory and 59.75% of them were satisfied with the laboratory services. Women were more satisfied with OPD services compared to their male counterparts (c2, p<0.05). Patients’ satisfaction was inversely related to monthly income (c2, p<0.05) and level of education (c2, p<0.05). To improve patients’ satisfaction, most of the patients suggested for more doctors and supporting staff, improvement of waiting room facilities, drug supply and laboratory investigations. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 55-57 Key Words: Patients’ satisfaction, OPD services, socio-economic variables, DMCH Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Ziaul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine(NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212. Email: dr.ziaul.islam@gmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of tobacco consumption in a rural community of Bangladesh]]></title>
                    <author>Shaila Ahmed</author><author>Masuma Akter</author><author>Rishad Mahzabeen</author><author>Samia Sayeed</author><author>Hasina Momtaz</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/123 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/123/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p58-60.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 58-60</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross sectional study was conducted in a rural community of Sreepur Thana during the month of November 2007. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption in the study area and observe some other associated variables. Respondents of both sexes aged 15 years and above were considered. The estimated sample size was 550 out of which 426 were found to be consumers of tobacco. Majority of the study population were males (68.4%). Illiteracy was found in 34.7% of the respondents. Most of them had some type of small business (38.2%) and a monthly expenditure between Tk. 3001-6000 in 44% of the households. Prevalence of tobacco usuer was estimated to be 77.5%. Of them, 59% were smokers and 41% chewers. The most common form of smoking and chewing was found to be cigarette (69%) and jarda (94.6%) respectively. A large percentage of the respondents (94%) knew about the adverse health effects caused by consumption of tobacco. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 58-60 Key Words: Tobacco consumption, smoking, rural community. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shaila Ahmed, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Cost differentials between private and public hospitals for antimicrobial treatment of admitted patients suffering from pneumonia and diarrhoea]]></title>
                    <author>Seikh Farid Uddin Akter</author><author>MA Jabbar</author><author>Saroj Kumar Mazumder</author><author>Abdul Mazid Mia</author><author>Afia Fazlul</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/124 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/124/AdminPDF/Akter SFU p61-64.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 61-64</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was undertaken to estimate cost differentials between private and public hospitals for antimicrobial treatment of the admitted paediatiric patients who were suffering from pneumonia or diarrhoea – the two most common infectious paediatric problems in Bangladesh. The study was conducted between August 2002 and January 2003 in paediatric wards of two selected medical college hospitals–one public and the other private. The treatment charts of 107 admitted paediatric patients who received antimicrobial agent(s) for the treatment of pneumonia (88) or diarrhoea (19) were reviewed daily from the day of admission of the patients till their discharge from the hospitals. The total costs of antimicrobial agents per patient were based on the current market price of these agents. The average cost of antimicrobial course(s) per patient of pneumonia were for great in private hospital while that of diarrhoea was higher in public hospital. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 61-64 Key Words: Antimicrobial therapy, cost differentials, pneumonia, diarrhoea. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Seikh Farid Uddin Akter, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Pattern of musculoskeletal disorders among diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Shah Zaman Khan</author><author>MA Shakoor</author><author>Md. Moyeenuzzaman</author><author>Md. Quamrul Islam</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/125 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/125/AdminPDF/Khan MSZ p65-66.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 65-66</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Disorders of musculo-skeletal (MSK) system are common conditions seen in diabetic patients. The present study investigated the pattern of MSK disorders among the Bangladeshi diabetic patients attending the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka over a period of one year. A total of 2062 diabetic patients with MSK disorders were included in the study. Degenerative joint diseases were more common (53.2%) than inflammatory arthropathies (20.1%). Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 65-66 Key Words: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, diabetic patients, BIRDEM Address for Correspondence: Dr. Md. Shah Zaman Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BIRDEM Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Does ‘Honeymoon period’ exist in type 2 diabetes mellitus]]></title>
                    <author>SM Ashrafuzzaman</author><author>Zafar A Latif</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/22 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/22/AdminPDF/Ashrafuzzaman SM p67-69.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 67-69</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Temporary remission of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs following initiation of insulin therapy. This period of temporary remission without insulin therapy is called ‘honeymoon period’. But no such temporary remission usually occurs in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We report here two cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus where such honey moon period was observed. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 67-69 Address for Correspondence: Dr. SM Ashrafuzzaman, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, BIRDEM, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Urinary bladder Leiomyoma – a rare case report]]></title>
                    <author>H U Bhuiyan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/126 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/11/126/AdminPDF/Bhuiyan HU p70-71.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 70-71</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A rare case of urinary bladder leiomyoma in a female patient is presented here. A quarter of these cases are asymptomatic only to be diagnosed by ultrasonography. Symptomatic cases are also misleading as in this case. Laparotomy, removal of mass and ultimately histopathology proved the case to be that of a urinary bladder leiomyoma. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 70-71 Key Words: Urinary bladder leiomyoma, laparotomy, excision biopsy Address for Correspondence: Dr. HU Bhuiyan, Consultant Radiologist, Hospital Duchess of Kent (HDOK), Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia, helaldin@yahoo.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Obesity, diabetes and leptin: lessons learned from obese hyperglycemic mice]]></title>
                    <author>Meftun Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/127 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2023/10/127/AdminPDF/12.127.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2 No.2 - July 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 72-84</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The recent epidemic nature of obesity and association of obesity with the development of type 2 diabetes demands dissection of the pathophysiology of this morbid disorder which is essential for better understanding of the process of evolution of insulin resistance. Different animal models have been used to explore the mechanism linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The discovery of ob gene and its product, leptin, has revealed the signaling system regulating energy balance in rodents. The mice lacking this ob gene, ob/ob mice, display obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and has been extensively used for the study of type 2 diabetes and for potential drug development. In this review,  the features and development of obese hyperglycemic syndrome, the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of the syndrome and finally the applicability of the findings in rodents to body weight regulation and pathogenesis of insulin resistance in humans have been summarized. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 72-84 Address for Correspondence: Dr Meftun Ahmed, Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: meftun.khandker@drl.ox.ac.uk; meftun@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[IS BANGLADESH READY TO COPE WITH HER FUTURE DISEASE BURDEN?]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/115 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/115/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[IN BANGLADESH DIABETES STARTS EARLIER NOW THAN 10 YEARS BACK: A BIRDEM STUDY]]></title>
                    <author> Parvin Akter Khanam</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author><author>Ashraf Uddin Ahmed</author><author>M. Abu Sayeed</author><author>A K Azad Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/16 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/16/AdminPDF/Khanam_PA_p1-3.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 1-3</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[BIRDEM is the largest referral center of diabetes in the world. It registered more than 300,000 diabetic patients from 1956 to 2005. This retrospective study compared the biophysical characteristics of diabetic patients registered in 1995 to those registered in 2005. Information on social (income, education), clinical (height, weight, blood pressure) and oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) of patients registered in 1995 and 2005 were retrieved from the BIRDEM registry. The age group ³ 20y was considered eligible. Overall, there were 11489 patients for 1995 and 19580 for 2005. Compared with the registry of 1995, a significant increase of registry for female patients were observed (39.5 vs. 46.7%, p<0.001) and also the rural population (31.9 vs. 47.4%, p<0.001). Likewise, the number of poor social class was also found higher in 2005 (5.2 vs. 25.5%, p<0.001). Young aged (<40y) registry was also significantly higher in 2005 (34.4 vs. 37.1%, p<0.001). Compared with the registered patients of 1995, adjusted for sex and area, those of 2005 had a significantly higher BMI, higher FPG and higher 2hPG (for all, p<0.001). In contrast, a significantly lower age, lower height and lower blood pressure were observed in those of 2005. We conclude that the age at registration for diabetes has decreased significantly in 2005 compared to that in 1995 indicating an earlier onset of diabetes. Significantly higher obesity in the year 2005 than 1995 indicates that there has been an increase in obesity that might be an important contributing factor for earlier onset of diabetes. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 1-3 Indexing words: Diabetes, age of onset, contributing factors. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Parvin Akter Khanam, Sr Research Officer, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Research Division, BIRDEM]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[SUPPLY-SIDE EFFECT OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ON PRODUCTIVITY AMONG THE FEMALE WORKER IN THE READYMADE GERMENT SECTOR]]></title>
                    <author>Md Aminul Haque</author><author>Housne Ara Begum</author><author>Homayra Fahmida </author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/17 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/17/AdminPDF/Haque_MA_p4-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 4-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This study was conducted in 4 selected garment factories within Dhaka city. The objectives of this study were to find out health care access (Supply-side effect) in the garments factory for the women workers and their relation to the productivity. A total of 300 women garment workers were included in this study. Most (60.0%) of the respondents were adolescents, unmarried and having only primary level education (5 years of school education). Their average take home monthly salary was 1791.7 taka which was spent mostly on food. They passed a tight work schedule from 6 AM to 11.30 PM without any rest. Hundred percent of female workers had no previous idea about garments nor had any formal training, but they produced on an average 1016 garment pieces a day. They did not get any vaccine, health education or health related knowledge from the garments factory. There was no provision of health care centre or doctor, treatment for fire burn (other than gas), medicine and support in chronic, severe illness for themselves or their family members. More than half (63.0%) of the respondents mentioned about loss of time due to illness. There was a strong correlation (r=0.858) between sickness and production loss, between hour loss and production loss (r=0.9283), between production loss and percentage loss (r=0.871). Though there was loss due to illness, no health access or facility for women workers in the garments factory was available. To overcome the situation and improve the productivity, owners have to provide health access and women workers have to come forward for their rights. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 4-8 Key words: health care, supply-side effect, access, productivity. Address for Correspondence: Md Aminul Haque, Assistant Professor, Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF GIRL STUDENTS IN AN URBAN AREA OF BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Tahera Parvin</author><author>Seikh Farid Uddin Akter</author><author>Sharmin Akhtar</author><author>MA Jabbar</author><author>AM Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/20 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/20/AdminPDF/Parvin T p9-11.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 9-11</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Objectives: To assess status of reproductive health and nutrition amongst girls attending high school in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in four selected girl’s high schools. A structured pre-tested questionnaire and a checklist were used to collect data through face-to-face interview and anthropometry. Results: A total of 360 adolescents girls were interviewed. The mean age at menarche of the respondents was found to be 12.4 years. More than half (54.2%) of the respondents were malnourished (BMI < 18.5). More than four-fifths (83%) were found to be suffering from reproductive health problems during or after menstruation. The most common complain (60%) disclosed by the adolescent girls was dysmenorrhoea. Majority (300) of the respondents acknowledged practicing unhygienic protective measures during menstruation. Conclusion: More than half of the adolescents were malnourished, practiced unhygienic protective measures during menstruation and disclosed different types of reproductive health complaints. Findings of the study strongly recommend that adolescent girls of urban Bangladesh need proper and appropriate management of their reproductive health problems. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 9-11 Key words: Nutritional Status, Reproductive Health, Adolescence. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tahera Parvin, Medical Officer, Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[EFFECTS OF PARBOILING AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE ON THE GLYCEMIC AND INSULINEMIC INDICES IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECT]]></title>
                    <author>Shahana Parvin</author><author>Qamrul Hasan</author><author>Knud Erik Bach Knudsen</author><author>Liaquat Ali</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/109 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/109/AdminPDF/Parvin S p12-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/08</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 12-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Background and Purposes: To observe the influence of parboiling, amylose content and gelatinization temperature of rice on plasma glucose and insulin responses in type 2 diabetic subjects because diabetic subjects are especially prescribed usage of starchy foods with low glycemic responses.Methods: Seventeen type 2 diabetic subjects ingested five test meals of 50g available carbohydrate as white bread, cooked rice with high (29%) and low amylose content (13%), undergoing different processing and gelatinization temperatures. The diets were taken in a random order after a 10h overnight fast with approximately 7 days interval as wash out period.Results: The glycemic index (GI) of all rice varieties were lower than that of white bread (p<0.001). Furthermore, GI of parboiled rice with a high amylose content was lower than that of parboiled low amylose rice (50±7 vs 71±5, p <0.01). No differences were observed between parboiled rice with high and low gelatinization temperature (50±7 vs 47± 4), nor between non-parboiled and parboiled rice (52±7 vs 50±7). Insulin responses to the five test foods did not differ significantly in the study subjects.Conclusions: In type 2 diabetic subjects the investigated rices were all low glycemic as compared to white bread, independent of parboiling and physico-chemical characteristics. The study showed that the amylose content, but not the gelatinization temperature, may be an useful criteria in selection of low GI rices irrespective of parboiling status.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 12-16Key words: Amylose, blood glucose, insulin, type 2 diabetes, parboiled rice.Address for Correspondence: Dr. Shahana Parvin, Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry; Northern International Medical College; Plot #8A, Road # 7, Dhanmondi; Dhaka – 1205, Bangladesh, Phone: 880-2-9668018, 8621479 - 83; Ext – 228]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN – AN EXPERIENCE IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL]]></title>
                    <author>Bedowra Zabeen</author><author>Jebun Nahar</author><author>Fauzia Mohsin</author><author>Kishwar Azad</author><author>Nazmun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/110 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/110/AdminPDF/Zabeen B p17-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 17-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A retrospective study was done in the in-patient department of paediatrics, BIRDEM from January 2002 to November 2006 to determine the clinico-laboratory features, precipitating factors and outcome of diabetic ketoacidosis. Over the five year period, 344 diabetic patients were hospitalized. Among them, 54 (15.6%) had diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Among those, 50 were Type I, one was Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD) and 3 were of other specific types. More than half (51.9%) of the patients were newly diagnosed. Amongst the precipitating factors, 28% had missed insulin and 48% had overt infection. Infections, particularly those of the respiratory tract, were the main precipitating cause for the DKA. There was h/o both infection and missed insulin injections in 11.5% patients. The mean age of patients with DKA was 11.2 ± 4.4 years. Those in the age range 10-14 yrs suffered most frequently (p<0.0001) from ketoacidosis (n= 38, 70.4%) compared with those aged 0-4 yrs (9%) and 5-9 yrs. (20%). There was a significant difference between those newly diagnosed (group I) and known diabetics (group II) (p<.029). The frequency of DKA was higher in girls than in boys (66.7% vs. 33.3%; p =.0001). The median duration of polyuria and/or polydipsia was variable between newly diagnosed and known diabetics (3.2 - 25d) (p<.001). All patients presented with altered levels of consciousness and 35 (67.3%) were unconscious of different grades. Mean random blood glucose (RBG) and HbA1c were 27.6mmol/L and 13.4%. Complications noted were acute renal failure (n=2, 3.7%) and cerebral edema (n = 4, 7.5%). The outcome of treatment in the whole group was good, 46 (86.7%) patients recovered without complications, but 7 (13.4%) patients died. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 17-20 Key words: Ketosis, children, diabetes, BIRDEM Address for Correspondence: Dr. Bedowra Zabeen, Registrar, Department of Paediatrics, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[NUTRITIONAL STATUS, HYPERTENTION, PROTEINURIA AND GLYCOSURIA AMONGST THE WOMEN OF RURAL BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Shaila Ahmed</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Sonia Shirin</author><author>Nargis Parvin</author><author>Niru Sultana</author><author>Rishad Mahzabeen</author><author>Masuma Akter</author><author>Samia Sayeed</author><author>MA Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/111 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/111/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p21-24.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/09</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 21-24</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Results – Overall, 501 volunteered and the response rate was 87.4%. Of these participants, 30.3% were illiterate.  Almost all of them had supply of tube-well water and 68% had sanitary latrines. Their mean (±SD) age was 30.2 (±2.9)y, wt was 46 (±8.5)kg, ht was 149 (±5)cm and BMI was 20.5 (±3.5). The poor women had significantly lower BMI than the rich [20.0 (2.93) vs. 21.2 (4.1), (p<0.05)]. Their mean (±SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 116 (±17) and 73 (±12) mmHg, respectively.  The prevalence of hypertension, proteinuria and glycosuria were 16.6, 10.4 and 2.6%, respectively. The frequencies of proteinuria and ring-worm were significantly higher among the poor than among the rich social class (both cases p<0.05). Regarding nutritional deficiency, about half of the rural women (52%) had some form of signs relating to Vit-A deficiency and 65% had signs of Vit-B complex deficiency either in the form of glossitis or of angular stomatitis or both.       Conclusions – Despite time and logistic constraint, the study revealed that most of the rural women had a poor nutritional status (80% had BMI<23.0). The prevalence of hypertension and glycosuria were also not negligible. Vitamin deficiency disorders (xerophthalmia), gum-bleeding, angular stomatitis were also very high among them. The study also revealed that the poor social class had a significantly lower BMI, higher proteinuria and higher skin problems than their rich counterparts.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 21-24Indexing Words: Rural women, nutritional status, health problems, developing countries, RFSTAddress for Correspondence: Dr. Niru Sultana, Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[A FOLLOW UP ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN DENGUE PATIENTS ATTENDING BIRDEM HOSPITAL]]></title>
                    <author>Khwaja Nazim Uddin</author><author>AKM Musa</author><author>Wasim Md. Mohosinul Haque</author><author>Rene Suzan Claude Sarker</author><author>AKM Shaheen Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/18 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/18/AdminPDF/Uddin_KN_p25-27.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 25-27</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[During a one-year period between January to December 2002, a total of 84 cases were clinically diagnosed as dengue in the medical unit I of BIRDEM. They were classified into 4 groups: dengue fever (28), DHF-I (31), DHF-II (17), and DHF-III (8). Amongst the patients, 52 (61.9%) were males and 32 (38.1%) were females. SGPT and SGOT were above normal cutoff (40 IU) points in 64 (76.2%) and 73(86.9%) cases respectively. SGOT was higher than SGPT in most cases. S. Bilirubin was almost normal in all cases. S. Calcium level was low in a significant number of cases. Mean S. Ca was 8.69 ± 0.68 in case of DF and lower, i.e. 7.83 ± 0.66 in DHF-III. Mean Hb% also correlated with severity, i.e. 13.3 (SD ± 1.6) in DF and 14.8 ± 1.3 in DHF-III. ESR was lowest in DHF-III. Anti dengue IgM and IgG were done on 58 cases; 41 (70.7%) were IgM positive while 37 were positive for IgG.Address for Correspondence: Prof. Khwaja Nazim Uddin, Department of Internal Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[UNRELATED DONOR MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR A CASE OF CHIÉDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME WITH HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS]]></title>
                    <author>Abu Sharif Moh’d Akramul Islam</author><author>Md. Sirazul Islam</author><author>Zakaria Muhammad Hawsawi</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/112 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/112/AdminPDF/Islam ASMA.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 28-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Chédial-Higashi syndrome (CHS) in an autosomal recessive disease with delayed microbial killing caused by mutation of the lysosomal trafficking gene termed CHS1 (LYST) gene which is located in the long arm of human chromosome number one (1q)1,2. CHS was described first by Begnez Cesar in 1943 and later by Steinbrick in 1948, Chédial: in 1952 and Higashi in 19543. Chédial: described the full clinical and haematological features including large inclusion like peroxidase positive granules in the blood and bone marrow granulocytes4. About 50-80% of patients enter into an “accelerated phase” which is characterized by generalized lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, fever. jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia and bleeding5,6. The disease is often fatal in childhood as a result of infections, bleeding and development of accelerated lymphoma-like phase. Survival into the second and third decades has been reported but invariably leads to premature death7. After the first description of CHS to date, around 170 human cases are mentioned in the literature worldwide. Allogenic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice to correct the haematological manifestation and immunological status in this disease. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is indicated before the accelerated phase of the disease develops otherwise the affected children usually die before the age of 10 years. So far, only one patient of CHS underwent BMT from an unrelated donor8. This case report of ours is probably the second till year 2000 and the first case with coexistent hereditary elliptocytosis (HE).Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 28-31Address for Correspondence:Dr. Md. Sirazul Islam, Department of Laboratory, BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka]]>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE HEV HEPATITIS]]></title>
                    <author>Rawshan Ara Khanam</author><author>Mohammad Omar Faruq</author><author>Rawshan Ali Basunia</author><author>ASM Areef Ahsan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/113 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/113/AdminPDF/Khanam RA p32-34.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 32-34</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) otherwise known as Acute Inflammatory Polyneuritis, characterized by acute progressive limb weakness and aretlexia, is the prototype of a post infectious autoimmune disease. Two-thirds of the cases of GBS emerge from viral or bacterial infection. In August 2006, a 20 year old man presented at ICU, BIRDEM Hospital with a history of brief icteric illness followed by progressive bilateral symmetrical hypotonic aretlexic muscular weakness, bilateral infra-nuclear facial palsy and bulbar weakness. Later on, he was diagnosed as a case of GBS and acute hepatitis E. Up till now, only three cases of GBS associated with hepatitis E have been reported in the medical literature world wide. This is probably the 4th case to be reported. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 32-34 Indexing words: Guillain-Barré Syndrome, acute hepatitis E Address for Correspondence: Prof. Rawshan Ara Khanam, Department of Internal Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND FEEDING PRACTICES AMONG THE MOTHERS HAVING UNDER-5 CHILDREN IN A RURAL COMMUNITY OF BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Mustafizur Rashid Khan</author><author>Iftekhar Mahmud</author><author>Sayeeda Samiha</author><author>Md. Najibul Islam</author><author>AFM Mahabubur Rahman</author><author>Silvia Sohelin</author><author>Ismat Jahan</author><author>Tasira Sarram</author><author>Rubayet Zereen</author><author>KM Majidul Islam</author><author>Md. Delowar Hossain</author><author>Md. Abdur Rouf</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/114 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/114/AdminPDF/Letter p35-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/10</pubDate>
                    <category>Others</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 35</citation_issue>
                    <description>
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                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[NUTRITIONAL STATUS, PROTEINURIA AND GLYCOSURIA AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A RURAL COMMUNITY OF BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Fatema Binte Rasul</author><author>Nandini Datta</author><author>Md. Juber Alam</author><author>Malabika Bardhan</author><author>Afrina Shams Chowdhury</author><author>Chowdhury Dilabiz Mahmood</author><author>Md. Saif Bin Mizan</author><author>Rajib Bhadra Roni</author><author>Jhumur Ghosh</author><author>Rifat Imam Majumder</author><author>Saad Ahmed Ferdous</author><author>Roksana Sherin</author><author>Mahadi Hassan</author><author>Md. Mamunur Rashid</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/275 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2018/01/275/AdminPDF/Letter p35-36.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2018/01/20</pubDate>
                    <category>Others</category>
                    <volume>Vol.2.No.1 - January 2008</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 35-36</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
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                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Past, Present and Future of Laparoscopic Surgery]]></title>
                    <author>Prof. H. Kabir Chowdhury</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/118 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/118/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
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                    </description>
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                    <title><![CDATA[NEONATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY PATTERN IN THE SPECIAL CARE BABY UNIT OF BIRDEM]]></title>
                    <author> Jabun Nahar</author><author>Bedowara Zabeen</author><author>Shahida Akhter</author><author>Kishwar Azad</author><author> Nazmun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/12 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/12/AdminPDF/Nahar_J_p1-4.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 1-4</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[To identify the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality a retrospective study was carried out at the Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU) of the Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) for a period of 1 year from January to December 2005. A total of 361 neonates were included in this cohort. The ratio of male (200) and female (154) neonates was 1:0.7. Most of the babies (300) were born in this hospital. Major causes of morbidity were prematurity (60.7%), LBW ( 48.2%), jaundice (23.3%), severe perinatal asphyxia (10.8%), transient tachypnoea of newborn (10.8%), respiratory distress syndrome (6.4%) and sepsis (6.4%). Most deaths were associated with prematurity (71.1%), LBW (65.8%), intrauterine growth retardation (23.7%), respiratory distress syndrome (36.8%), severe perinatal asphyxia (18.4%) and sepsis/pneumonia (15.9%). Outcome of babies born in this hospital was better than those referred from other hospitals (p < 0.001). Address for Correspondence: Dr. Jebun Nahar, Department of Paediatrics, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[KNOWLEDGE ON AIDS AMONG THE ADOLECENT STUDIES OF TWO SELECTED COLLEGE OF DHAKA CITY]]></title>
                    <author>Sonia Shirin</author><author>Shaila Ahmed </author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/13 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/13/AdminPDF/Shirin_S_p5-8.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 5-8</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This descriptive study was conducted in Dhaka city among 139 adolescent students selected purposively from two colleges (one boy’s and another girl’s). To asses the level of knowledge on AIDS among them, a semi structured questionnaire was used. The mean age of the respondents was 16.8 ± 0.56 years, and all were unmarried. Of them, 44% were in the Science group. Majority (81.3%) of them lived with their parents. The average monthly family income of the respondents was Tk. 15,053 ± 13,453. Nearly all of them (91.4%) reportedly heard about AIDS primarily from the TV. 90% of the respondents mentioned that major routes of transmission were sexual, blood transfusion and sharing of needles among the drug addicts. Transmission through breast feeding and trans-placental transmission was known to few. Almost none (only 5%) knew that body’s immunity is decreased by the AIDS virus. 90% respondents said avoiding of unprotected sex is the way for prevention. The role of screening of blood before transfusion and use of condom as prophylaxis was also mentioned by 64% and 48.9% of the respondents respectively. Thus, the overall findings of the study indicate that around half (56.1%) of the respondent’s knowledge on AIDS was average, while 34.5% and 9.4% had poor and good knowledge respectively. Improvement of existing academic health educational programmes with introduction of sex education as well as utilizing the popular medias like TV are important avenues to make our adolescents aware and remain safe from the emerging dangers of AIDS. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sonia Shirin, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[AGE AT MARRIAGE AND FERTILITY PATTERN OF ADOLESCENT MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Shaila Ahmed</author><author>Shamsun Nahar</author><author>Md. Nurul Amin</author><author>Sonia Shirin </author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/14 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/14/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p9-12.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 9-12</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in two purposively selected rural areas of Faridpur district - Alfadanga and Boalmari. The objectives were to find out the age at marriage and fertility pattern amongst the adolescent married women residing in the study areas. A total of 426 women were selected purposively and interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Most (97.2%) were in the age group of 15-19 years, being married by 15.5 ± 1.5 years. Although 57.5% had a secondary level education, almost all (97%) were found to be housewives. Monthly income was between Taka 2001-4000 in 41.3% of the households. Regarding fertility pattern, 19% of the adolescent women were found to be pregnant at the time of survey. The total fertility rate (TFR) among this age group was estimated to be 2.6 per woman. To help improve the situation, awareness on the negative consequences of early marriage and consequent childbearing needs to be created not only among the young adolescent girls but should be targeted towards their parents too.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 9-12Key Words: Adolescence, early marriage, rural women, fertility pattern, developing countries.Address for Correspondence: Dr Shaila Ahmed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. E-mail: shaila.2007@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTION AND TREATMENT SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MARRIED WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN A SLUM OF DHAKA CITY]]></title>
                    <author>Mekhala Sarkar</author><author>Seikh Farid Uddin Akter</author><author>Md Zillur Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/88 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/09/88/AdminPDF/Sarkar M p13-16.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/09/21</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 13-16</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Objectives:To determine the proportion of reproductive tract infection (RTI) among the married women of reproductive age in a slum of Dhaka and to ascertain their treatment seeking behaviour. Materials and Methods:A cross sectional study was carried out among 207 married women of reproductive age (15-49 years). RTI was diagnosed using the ‘modified syndromic approach’ as suggested by the World Health Organization. Data were collected through face-to-face interview by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Place and period of the study:The study was undertaken from March to June in the year 2003 in the Naderkhan slum of Rayer Bazar area in Dhaka City. Results:The proportion of RTI among the study population was 45.4% and abnormal vaginal discharge was the most frequently encountered symptom. Family size and occupation of the respondents as well as of their husbands had shown significant influence on the occurrence of RTI (p<0.05) while other socio-demographic characteristics failed to show any association. Of the 94 women detected with RTI, only 26.6% of them received any treatment for the same. For vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain and painful coitus, majority of the respondents sought treatment from traditional healers and for difficulties in urination and vaginal itching majority of them received treatment from a chemist. Conclusion:Although a considerable number of the married women of reproductive age living in the slum suffered from various types of RTIs, only one fourth of them received any sort of treatment, and that also mainly from the traditional healers. Bangladesh being a signatory to the MDG, maternal health is a priority area. Urban slums cannot be overlooked. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 13-16 Key Words: RTI, slum dwellers, treatment, Dhaka city. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mekhala Sarkar, Dept. of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[GERIATRIC HEALTH PROBLEMS IN A RURAL COMMUNITY OF BANGLADESH]]></title>
                    <author>Shaila Ahmed</author><author>Sonia Shirin</author><author>Masuda Mohsena</author><author>Nargis Parvin</author><author>Niru Sultana</author><author>Samia Sayed</author><author>Rishad Mahzabeen</author><author>Masuma Akter</author><author>Md. Abu Sayeed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/98 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/98/AdminPDF/Ahmed S p17-20.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 17-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in some rural communities of Sreepur Thana during the month of April 2007. The study population included those aged 50 years or more and residing in the study areas. A total of 226 respondents were selected purposively and were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The objective of this study was to assess their socio economic condition and identify their health problems. The mean age of the respondents was found to be 62 years. Mean family size and monthly family income was estimated to be 5.31 and Taka 5857.52 respectively. More than half (64.2%) of the respondents were illiterate. Fifty eight percent of them were unemployed and 67.3% were found to be dependent on their family members. Most of them (65.5%) were found to be suffering from joint pains. Some cardio-respiratory problems like palpitation, dyspnea and chest pain was found to be significantly higher among the female respondents (p<0.03). ECG was done on 22 of them. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 22.7% and ischemic heart disease in 27.27% of them. Systolic hypertension was significantly higher in the females (p<0.01). Majority of the respondents (64.5%) were found to have a normal fasting blood sugar level. Symptoms of prostatic enlargement like frequency, urgency, hesitation and post void dribbling of urine was respectively found to be present among 15.9, 62.8, 10.7 and 24.8% of the male respondents. In 11.4% of the female respondents, urinary dribbling was found. The mean age of menopause was estimated to be 48.46 years. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 17-20 Indexing Words: Geriatric problems, old age, community health, RFST. Address for Correspondence: Dr Shaila Ahmed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000. E-mail: shaila.2007@hotmail.com]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[OCCULT FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA - AN UNUSUALPRESENTATION OF MULTIPLE LYTIC BONY METASTASIS IN THE SKULL OF A 66-YEAR MALAY MAN]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Tahminur Rahman</author><author>Venkatesh R. Naik</author><author>Prokash Rao</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/99 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/99/AdminPDF/Rahman MT p25-27.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/04</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 25-27</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid usually presents as nodules with rare cases showing metastasis at diagnosis. But occult follicular carcinoma without any thyroid enlargement and presenting as multiple lytic bone lesions is unusual and relatively rare. Here we report a 66-year old Malay man presenting with occipito-parietal swelling for last two years. He had no thyroid enlargement; no thyroid related symptoms and his biochemical thyroid profile was normal. Computerised tomography of skull reported multiple lytic lesions in the occipito-parietal region. FNAC and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic follicular carcinoma. We present this case because of the rarity of the disease. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 25-27 Key Words: Occult follicular carcinoma thyroid, skull metastasis, normal thyroid findings. Address for Correspondence: Prof. Md. Tahminur Rahman, Department of Pathology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[HEPATOBLASTOMA AS A RARE CAUSE OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY]]></title>
                    <author>Md. Abu Taher</author><author>AHM Abdul Fattah</author><author>Dilruba Khandker</author><author>Abu Saleh Mohiuddin</author><author>Md. Mahfuzar Rahman</author><author>AKSM Shahidul Islam</author><author>Akhtar Uddin Ahmed</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/103 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/103/AdminPDF/Taher MA p28-32.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/06</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 28-32</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A 15-month old boy presented with an abdominal swelling and early development of secondary sexual characteristics for the last 5 months. The mass was initially suspected to be of adrenal origin. Radiological and biochemical (hormonal) findings diagnosed the case to be a hepatoblastoma later confirmed by histopathological examination. Hepatoblastoma, an aggressive primary liver tumor, is a rare form of childhood malignancy and a rare cause of precocious puberty compared to the more common adrenal causes including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors and the testicular tumors. Thus, when virilization occurs postnatally in boys, or girls presenting with ambiguous genitalia at birth, a virilizing adrenocortical tumor is usually given the first consideration (according to its frequency of incidence), followed by CNS causes. Rarely does one think of the other possibilities. This report describes the typical presentations and clinical features of hepatoblastoma highlighting its usual radiological features. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 28-32 Key Words: Hepatoblastoma, precocious puberty, imaging features. Address for correspondence: Dr. Dilruba Khandker, Department of Radiology, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[HEALTH ATTAINMENT IN BANGLADESH AS REFLECTED BY SELECTED PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE]]></title>
                    <author>Azaher Ali Molla</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/15 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/15/AdminPDF/Molla_AA_p21-24.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/08/02</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.2 - July 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 21-24</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Health Performance Indicators are often utilized as tools for assessing and evaluating the success of different national health programs in achieving their desired outcomes in the health sector. This review article aims to show the trends in health improvement in Bangladesh. The indicators selected are Life expectancy at Birth, Crude Birth and Death Rates, Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio and Prevalence of Low Birth Weight. Life Expectancy at Birth shows an increasing trend for both sexes; where as all the four mortality indicators show a declining trend. The trend in Low Birth Weight Prevalence suggests that the desired decline in this field has not yet been achieved and continues as a public health problem. The overall picture suggests that Bangladesh has gone far to achieve the targets of MDG although a lot of formidable challenges are yet to be met.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 21-24Key Words: Performance indicators, health attainment.Address for Correspondence: Azaher Ali Molla, Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Innovation and Re-Orientation in Medical Education and Research: Challenges for Ibrahim Medical College]]></title>
                    <author>Prof. A.K.M. Nurul Anwar</author><author>Prof. K.M. Fariduddin</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/117 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/10/117/AdminPDF/Editorial.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/10/22</pubDate>
                    <category>Editorial</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): i-ii</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[RISK OF OBESITY FOR HYPERTENSION DIFFERS BETWEEN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC SUBJECTS]]></title>
                    <author> MA Sayeed</author><author>Akhtar Banu</author><author>Parvin Akhter Khanam</author><author>Hajera Mahtab</author><author>AK Azad Khan</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/1 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/1/AdminPDF/Sayeed_MA.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 1-6</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[In recent years, non-communicable diseases (NCD) like obesity, hypertension (HTN) and Type2 diabetes (T2DM) are on the increase, specially in the developing nations. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used as indices of obesity to relate T2DM, HTN and coronary artery disease (CAD). This study addresses whether the risk of obesity for HTN differs between T2DM and non-DM subjects. We investigated 693 diabetic patients from BIRDEM and 2384 from communities. We measured height, weight, waist-girth, hip-girth and blood pressure. All subjects underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). BMI, WHR and WHtR were calculated. Systolic and diastolic hypertension (sHTN and dHTN)) were defined as SBP >=140 and DBP >= 90 mmHg, respectively. The prevalence of both sHTN and dHTN in T2DM was higher than the non-DM subjects (sHTN: 49.1 vs 14.3%, dHTN 19.6 vs. 9.5%). The comparison of characteristics between subjects with and without hypertension showed that the differences were significant for age, weight, waist-girth, BMI, WHR and WHtR for both T2DM and non-DM subjects (for all p<0.001). The increasing trend of hypertension with increasing obesity was observed more in the non-DM than in the T2DM subjects. The risk (OR) of obesity for hypertension increased with increasing WHR and WHtR in the non-DM than the T2DM subjects. Compared with the non-DM the T2DM participants had two to three folds higher prevalence of HTN. In either group, BMI, WHR and WHtR were significantly higher in the hypertensive than the non-hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of hypertension increased with the increasing BMI, WHR and WHtR but significant only in the non-DM. Further studies may confirm these findings and determine whether there was any altered association between blood pressure and obesity in diabetes possibily, with or without autonomic neuropathy. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 1-6 Keywords: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, odds ratio Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (weight in kg / height in m.sq.); CAD, coronary artery disease; NCD, non-communicable disease; SBP, DBP, systolic & diastolic blood pressure; sHTN, dHTN, systolic and diastolic hypertension; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHR,  waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio. Address for Correspondence: Prof. MA Sayeed, Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY OF PROSTATIC LESSIONS WITH HISTOLOGIC CORRELATION]]></title>
                    <author>Tariqul Islam</author><author>Tamanna Chowdhury</author><author>KH Khan</author><author>AR Barua</author><author>Mohammed Kamal</author><author>AJE Nahar Rahman</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/2 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2/AdminPDF/Islam_T.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 7-10</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Cytologic diagnosis by fine needle aspiration of the prostate was compared to histological diagnosis by either core biopsy or transurethral prostatic resection in 58 patients suspected to have prostatic lesion by rectal examination.The diagnostic accuracy between cytological and histological diagnosis was 93% and the false negative rate was 3.03% for fine needle aspiration. Inadequate cytological samples occurred only in two cases. This study was conducted during the period of April 2003 to February 2004. Fine needle aspiration cytology of prostatic lesions is a recently introduced procedure in Bangladesh. Our results indicate that fine needle aspiration is an easily performed, diagnostically reliable outpatient procedure with minimal complication. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 7-10 Key words :  FNAC, Franzen, Papaniculaou Address for Correspondence: Dr. Tariqul Islam, Registrar-Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Square Hospital Limited, 18/F West Panthopath, Dhaka-1205]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[CLINICAL PROFILE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE]]></title>
                    <author>Fauzia Mohsin</author><author>Bedowra Zabeen</author><author>Rahelee Zinnat</author><author>Kishwar Azad</author><author>Nazmun Nahar </author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/3 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2017/04/3/AdminPDF/Mohsin F p11-15.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 11-15</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[A total number of 125 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) under eighteen years of age were admitted in the Paediartic department of BIRDEM hospital between January 2001 to October 2002. Eighty-eight patients (71%) were newly detected. Female to male ratio was 3:1. Out of the total admission 38 (30.4%) patients had type 1 DM (group 1), 37 (29.6%) patients had fibrocalculous pancreatic FCPD diabetes (group II), 48 (38.4%) patient had malnutrition modulated diabetes mellitus MMDM (group III) and 2 (1.6%) patients had type 2. Mean age of onset was 9±3.9 yrs in group I and 13±2.3 yrs in group II and group III. All groups had very high glucose and HbA1c value at presentation. The mean fasting glucose (mmol/l) was 19±7.14, 22.39±9 and 19.54±7.9 in group I, group II and group III respectively. The Mean HbA1c (%) value in the three groups was 14.4±2.7, 16.72±2.26 and 15.27±3.05 respectively. FCPD patients had poorest glycaemic status. Acute complications were more common in type 1 patients. Twelve (31.5%) patients had diabetic ketoatin DKA and two (5%) patients had hypoglycaemia in group I. Chronic complications were present in all three groups.  MMDM patients had highest rate of complications. which was present in 2.6%, 21.6% and 33.3% patients in group I, group II and group III respectively. The rate of microalbuminuria was 5.3%. 10.8% and 18.8% in the three groups respectively. The rate of neuropathy was 2.6%, 16.2% and 20.8% in the three groups respectively. Among the associated problems skin infection, pulmonary tuberculosis and bilateral parotid swelling were common. Malnutrition was present in 66%, 86% and 100% in group I, group II and group III respectively. Majority (50% in group I, 91.6% in group II and 100% in group III) of our patients came from poor socio-economic background. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 11-15 Address for Correspondence: Dr. Fauzia Mohsin, Department of Paediatrics, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[THE EFFECT OF GARLIC ON CHOLESTEROL INDUCED HYPERLIPIDAEMIA IN RABITS]]></title>
                    <author>Aftab Uddin Ahmed</author><author>Syeda Farida Begum</author><author>Humaira Naushaba</author><author>Md. Noor Islam</author><author>Begum Samsun Nahar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/4 </link>
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                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/4/AdminPDF/Ahmed_AU.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 16-20</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[An experimental biochemical study was made on rabbits to demonstrate the possible role of aqueous extract of garlic as an antilipidaemic agent in the prevention of hyperlipidaemia. Untreated rabbits on atherogenic diet showed worse lipidaemic status than the normal control ones, as evident in higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. On the otherhand the rabbits on atherogenic diet treated with aqueous extract of garlic showed significantly better lipidaemic status. It is suggested that aqueous extract of garlic is an important determinant of serum lipid level, which is an antilipidaemic agent against the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 16-20 Address for Correspondence: Prof. Aftab Uddin Ahmed, Department of Anatomy, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[CORONARY ARTERY FISTULA: A CASE REPORT]]></title>
                    <author>MZ Chowdhury</author><author>MA Bari</author><author>AR Khan</author><author>AK Miah</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/6 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/6</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/6/AdminPDF/Chowdhury_MZ.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 32-33</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[The prevalence of congenital abnormalities of coronary artery is about 2% of general population. Of these abnormalities 5% were related to coronary artery fistulae (CAF). We report a case of 66 year old diabetic woman who presented with retrosternal chest pain. Her chest pain was associated with exercise and progressively deteriorated over the last 6 months. Electrocardiography showed right bundle branch block and Echo Color Doppler revealed hypo kinetic lateral wall. Coronary angiogram detected nothing abnormal except an aberrant tortuous branch of left circumflex. CT scan revealed a calcified sac medial to the descended thoracic aorta. A contrast enhancement was also done. All these imaging impressions were suggestive of coronary-to-pulmonary fistula. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 32-33]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[ENTERIC MYOCARDITIS: A CASE REPORT]]></title>
                    <author>Kawkab Mahmud</author><author>AKM Musa</author><author>AKM Shaheen Ahmed</author><author>Khwaja Nazimuddin</author><author>RSC Sarker</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/87 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/87</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2016/09/87/AdminPDF/Mahmud K p34-37.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/09/19</pubDate>
                    <category>Clinical Case Report</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 34-37</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Enteric fever commonly causes fatality from abdominal complications or toxemia but it can also cause death from complications of myocarditis albeit rarely. In September, 2005 a 22 year old man was admitted in BIRDEM with the features of pneumonia. Later on, the patient developed acute left ventricular failure and ultimately diagnosed as a case of drug resistant enteric fever with myocarditis Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 34-37Address for Correspondence: Dr. Kawkab Mahmud, Department of Internal Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College & BIRDEM, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[CALCIUM OSCILLATIONS AND IT&#039;S FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE IN CHRONOBIOLOGY OF PANCREATIC B-CELLS: THE ART OF DISCOVERING SCIENCE]]></title>
                    <author>Meftun Ahmed</author><author>KM Fariduddin</author><author>Fatima Khanam</author><author>Jesmin Ara Begum</author><author>Zinat Ara</author><author>Samarjit Deb</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/5 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/5</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/5/AdminPDF/Ahmed_M.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2016/07/23</pubDate>
                    <category>Review</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 21-31</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Throughout the annals of time, men even the prehistoric ones have been fascinated by the ever-existing rhythmic processes in living systems. However, this idea wasn’t completely in the open till 1797 when Hufeland proposed rhythmic events of life in relation to 24 hours or solar day as a prime unit of functional chronology1. In Florida, nose and throat surgeons found that hemorrhages in throat operation were 82% higher during the second quarter of the cycle of the moon than at other times2. Similarly, insulin sensitivity index was found to be lower during winter than summer in Swedish population3. Seasonal variations of HbA1C in diabetic subjects and glycemic variations in healthy subjects have also been   reported4-6.Thus, it seems that periodic biological events are intimately related to the non-biological cycles, whether terrestrial, astronomical, physical, electrical or others. But certainly it has been realized by the early scientists that the universe is rhythmic and displays incessant movement in the form of periodicity. The capacity to follow them, to oscillate, would enhance the survival potential of a species, including we, the human beings. In 1843, nearly half a century after Hufeland’s Publication, Chossat presented his report of 20 years of study on the changes in cloacal temperature of pigeons under various experimental conditions as to environmental temperature and nutrition1. Further analyses on biological rhythms revealed that ‘a close study of these rhythms should yield vital information concerning the construction of various biochemical reactions in the body, especially if cybernetic and thermodynamic principles are applied’. Many enthusiastic scientists and clinicians then devoted themselves for basic understanding of the fundamentals of biological rhythms. In the 30’s of the twentieth century, the periodic behavior of the normal blood glucose was characterized. In this case small meals were given regularly throughout the day and generally each meal produced a variable, transient increase. However, it was found that the glucose concentration often tended to drop somewhat at about 2 to 3 p.m. even if food was given7. The essential feature of this periodic behavior is that the blood glucose level is relatively stable, varying between 4.4 and 6.6 mM/L. It was discovered later, that under physiological conditions the blood glucose level is kept at around 5 mM/L in fasting mammals, including humans due to the pulsatile release of the glucostatic hormone insulin. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(1): 21-31   Address for Correspondence: Prof. KM Fariduddin, Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[In
Memoriam: National Prof. Mohammad Ibrahim (1911 - 1989)]]></title>
                    <author>Prof. A.K.M. Nurul Anwar</author>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/512 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/512</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2024/01/512/AdminPDF/National Prof.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2024/01/31</pubDate>
                    <category>Others</category>
                    <volume>Vol.1 No.1 - January 2007</volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue></citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[]]>
                    </description>
                </item>
                            <item>
                    <title><![CDATA[Efficacy
and safety of lentivirus gene therapy in the correction of sickle cell disease]]></title>
                    
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</div>                    <link> https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/574 </link>
                    <canonical>https://admin.imcjms.com/registration/journal_full_text/574</canonical>
                    <pdf_url>https://admin.imcjms.com/upload/2025/09/574/AdminPDF/Joshua S p01-23.pdf</pdf_url>
                    <pubDate>2025/09/07</pubDate>
                    <category>Original Article</category>
                    <volume></volume>
                    <issn>2519-1586</issn>
                    <issn>2519-1721</issn>
                    <issn>1999-9704</issn>
                    <citation_issue>July 2025; Vol. 19(2):007</citation_issue>
                    <description>
                        <![CDATA[Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted using The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis protocol. Following a set of inclusion criteria, 10 studies were selected for quality assessment, extraction, and meta-analysis from 499 studies pooled from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Sematic Scholar. Data obtained were described and subjected to random effect meta-analysis using RevMan software. Conclusion: The review has demonstrated that LGT has a promising efficacy in the treatment of SCD although there are existing safety concerns.]]>
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    <copyright>2026 Ibrahim Medical College. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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